1 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:03,290 okay hello everyone and welcome to the 2 00:00:11,270 --> 00:00:07,410 first of the 14 virtual seminars by all 3 00:00:14,330 --> 00:00:11,280 of the nai teams George we're really 4 00:00:18,950 --> 00:00:14,340 happy to have you lead this off I tried 5 00:00:20,599 --> 00:00:18,960 to look up George's CV before this but 6 00:00:22,880 --> 00:00:20,609 actually couldn't find it on the web to 7 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:22,890 give you the usual kind of rundown on 8 00:00:28,189 --> 00:00:26,130 where we got his PhD etc I suspect 9 00:00:29,779 --> 00:00:28,199 that's not entirely necessary since 10 00:00:32,420 --> 00:00:29,789 George is pretty well known to everybody 11 00:00:37,310 --> 00:00:32,430 in this community is an organic 12 00:00:39,799 --> 00:00:37,320 geochemistry anelia rights and organic 13 00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:39,809 chemistry on the earth and he's going to 14 00:00:44,750 --> 00:00:41,850 tell us of course about what the 15 00:00:47,569 --> 00:00:44,760 Carnegie team is doing and without any 16 00:00:49,639 --> 00:00:47,579 further ado I'm going to turn it over to 17 00:00:51,650 --> 00:00:49,649 George actually one slight piece of 18 00:00:54,350 --> 00:00:51,660 further ado just to remind you all that 19 00:00:56,450 --> 00:00:54,360 George's seminar along with all the 20 00:00:58,849 --> 00:00:56,460 others will be archived on the NAI 21 00:01:00,889 --> 00:00:58,859 website so anybody who couldn't 22 00:01:03,709 --> 00:01:00,899 participate in the seminar right now 23 00:01:06,190 --> 00:01:03,719 we'll have the opportunity to see the 24 00:01:09,050 --> 00:01:06,200 whole thing in almost its full glory 25 00:01:11,410 --> 00:01:09,060 within a few days and you'll just go to 26 00:01:14,210 --> 00:01:11,420 the seminar page on the NAI website and 27 00:01:17,060 --> 00:01:14,220 now without further ado George take it 28 00:01:19,340 --> 00:01:17,070 away please well thanks Carl so yeah 29 00:01:21,649 --> 00:01:19,350 we're leading this off we were we were 30 00:01:25,039 --> 00:01:21,659 called to to rise to the challenge of 31 00:01:28,460 --> 00:01:25,049 being the first to do so I'll tell you a 32 00:01:30,499 --> 00:01:28,470 little bit the title of our Institute is 33 00:01:32,030 --> 00:01:30,509 that's a biological pathways from the 34 00:01:33,469 --> 00:01:32,040 tell interstellar medium through the 35 00:01:36,140 --> 00:01:33,479 planetary systems the emergence and 36 00:01:37,460 --> 00:01:36,150 detection of light we've been involved 37 00:01:39,289 --> 00:01:37,470 the carnegie institution has been 38 00:01:42,590 --> 00:01:39,299 involved with with nai for quite some 39 00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:42,600 time we were selected in the first can 40 00:01:51,230 --> 00:01:47,970 we were resected in cam 3 at that time 41 00:01:54,039 --> 00:01:51,240 our institute was led by Sean Solomon he 42 00:01:57,620 --> 00:01:54,049 is the pi/4 the messenger missing and 43 00:01:59,480 --> 00:01:57,630 realized that a cam 5 he was it's not 44 00:02:01,490 --> 00:01:59,490 possible for him to leave this and also 45 00:02:04,609 --> 00:02:01,500 be a full p I participant in the 46 00:02:06,530 --> 00:02:04,619 messenger business historical so I took 47 00:02:11,270 --> 00:02:06,540 over the role as P I week in each 48 00:02:12,949 --> 00:02:11,280 iteration we've changed a lot so each 49 00:02:14,180 --> 00:02:12,959 can is this very very different than the 50 00:02:16,090 --> 00:02:14,190 one preceded it 51 00:02:19,280 --> 00:02:16,100 partly because our own scientific 52 00:02:20,480 --> 00:02:19,290 evolution and and also we found things 53 00:02:22,570 --> 00:02:20,490 that worked and things that we thought 54 00:02:25,550 --> 00:02:22,580 could work better if we change things 55 00:02:27,650 --> 00:02:25,560 currently we have 24 investigators six 56 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:27,660 institutions Carnegie Institution 57 00:02:36,770 --> 00:02:35,370 watney's is the lead institution johns 58 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:36,780 hopkins university is a new 59 00:02:42,260 --> 00:02:39,330 participating institution university of 60 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:42,270 washington has been involved with us in 61 00:02:45,950 --> 00:02:44,010 the very beginning with John barrows and 62 00:02:49,130 --> 00:02:45,960 his students and postdocs University of 63 00:02:51,500 --> 00:02:49,140 Maryland James Farquhar continues from 64 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:51,510 cam 3 & 2 km five of the naval research 65 00:02:56,570 --> 00:02:53,610 laboratory with kawaii Rhonda Stroud 66 00:02:58,330 --> 00:02:56,580 continues from camp 3 and a new 67 00:03:02,090 --> 00:02:58,340 participant is East Carolina University 68 00:03:03,950 --> 00:03:02,100 where the kauai is matt shrank there'll 69 00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:03,960 be a little bit of delay i apologize 70 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:05,760 we'll have to get used to this as we 71 00:03:09,260 --> 00:03:08,010 switch slides around what i'm going to 72 00:03:12,530 --> 00:03:09,270 do today which may be a little different 73 00:03:14,420 --> 00:03:12,540 is i'm going to ask the co eyes who 74 00:03:17,900 --> 00:03:14,430 represent different areas to describe 75 00:03:20,180 --> 00:03:17,910 some of the areas that that constitute 76 00:03:23,180 --> 00:03:20,190 our institution we basically have six 77 00:03:24,710 --> 00:03:23,190 primary themes line is the studies 78 00:03:27,350 --> 00:03:24,720 physical chemical evolution of planetary 79 00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:27,360 systems to the origin evolution of 80 00:03:31,820 --> 00:03:30,000 organic matter in the solar system three 81 00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:31,830 is more of a terrestrial of planetary 82 00:03:35,570 --> 00:03:34,050 vol tools a component the origin 83 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:35,580 evolution inventory of volatiles and 84 00:03:39,740 --> 00:03:37,770 terrestrial planets and link to that is 85 00:03:43,729 --> 00:03:39,750 the geochemical steps leading to the 86 00:03:47,150 --> 00:03:43,739 origins of life and five is geological 87 00:03:49,250 --> 00:03:47,160 and biological interactions so there's a 88 00:03:51,470 --> 00:03:49,260 real sense of flow from from the 89 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:51,480 formation section formation of planets 90 00:03:57,170 --> 00:03:53,850 to ultimately biological systems and 91 00:03:59,660 --> 00:03:57,180 finally task six is linked in 92 00:04:01,940 --> 00:03:59,670 astrobiology link if you will to to our 93 00:04:04,330 --> 00:04:01,950 field studies and integrating that with 94 00:04:06,380 --> 00:04:04,340 laboratory flight experiment 95 00:04:09,410 --> 00:04:06,390 experimentation of flight instrument 96 00:04:11,990 --> 00:04:09,420 testing so task 2 and 1 are essentially 97 00:04:13,490 --> 00:04:12,000 astro chemical Astrophysical in nature 98 00:04:15,620 --> 00:04:13,500 and Alicia Weinberger who's sitting on 99 00:04:18,789 --> 00:04:15,630 my left will discuss the subtasks their 100 00:04:20,449 --> 00:04:18,799 task three and four link to two 101 00:04:22,820 --> 00:04:20,459 fundamental issues related to 102 00:04:25,159 --> 00:04:22,830 terrestrial planet formation and early 103 00:04:26,630 --> 00:04:25,169 evolution and Steve shayari sits on my 104 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:26,640 right we'll we'll lead through those 105 00:04:29,379 --> 00:04:27,530 sections 106 00:04:31,420 --> 00:04:29,389 and the task five and six the gia 107 00:04:33,610 --> 00:04:31,430 biological geological biological 108 00:04:36,730 --> 00:04:33,620 interactions and the field work 109 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:36,740 associated this would be held discussed 110 00:04:40,540 --> 00:04:38,570 by Marilyn Fogle who's sitting on my far 111 00:04:44,379 --> 00:04:40,550 left so I'm going to turn this over to 112 00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:44,389 Alicia and when this next slide comes up 113 00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:46,160 she will take you through task one and 114 00:04:51,970 --> 00:04:50,210 two thanks George so we're going to 115 00:04:53,890 --> 00:04:51,980 start with studies of the physical and 116 00:04:56,170 --> 00:04:53,900 chemical evolution of planetary systems 117 00:04:57,940 --> 00:04:56,180 and it starts with astronomical 118 00:04:59,890 --> 00:04:57,950 observations that inform our 119 00:05:02,110 --> 00:04:59,900 understanding of the diversity of 120 00:05:05,950 --> 00:05:02,120 planetary systems and the history of our 121 00:05:08,110 --> 00:05:05,960 own solar system you can see they're all 122 00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:08,120 of the co eyes who participate in these 123 00:05:13,090 --> 00:05:09,830 but you don't have to read them all talk 124 00:05:16,090 --> 00:05:13,100 about the h and turn so first we'll 125 00:05:19,210 --> 00:05:16,100 start with searches for planets and that 126 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:19,220 begins with my co investigator Paul 127 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:20,930 Butler who is one of the preeminent 128 00:05:25,450 --> 00:05:23,330 planted planet hunters using the radial 129 00:05:28,900 --> 00:05:25,460 velocity method for finding planets and 130 00:05:30,730 --> 00:05:28,910 on this slide you can see a plot from 131 00:05:32,350 --> 00:05:30,740 his work showing the number of planets 132 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:32,360 that have been discovered as a function 133 00:05:37,420 --> 00:05:35,570 of mass and are now about 340 planets 134 00:05:39,010 --> 00:05:37,430 known they're mostly known from this 135 00:05:41,740 --> 00:05:39,020 radial velocity method so that is 136 00:05:44,409 --> 00:05:41,750 looking at the motion of a star toward 137 00:05:46,840 --> 00:05:44,419 and away from you as it's tugged by a 138 00:05:49,150 --> 00:05:46,850 planet that is going around it the 139 00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:49,160 lowest mass planet that's been found is 140 00:05:52,750 --> 00:05:51,410 about 5 Earth masses and maybe one has 141 00:05:55,719 --> 00:05:52,760 been discovered and what we will call a 142 00:05:58,480 --> 00:05:55,729 habitable zone so the challenge for the 143 00:06:02,440 --> 00:05:58,490 future is to find planets of lower mass 144 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:02,450 and to find them in the habitable zones 145 00:06:07,450 --> 00:06:05,810 of sun-like stars so the challenge there 146 00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:07,460 is to get better radial velocity 147 00:06:13,860 --> 00:06:10,130 precision and what you can see here are 148 00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:13,870 these blue lines like this one that show 149 00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:16,130 what the precision that can be achieved 150 00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:18,410 in the next couple now and in the next 151 00:06:22,840 --> 00:06:20,570 couple of years is and that's a three 152 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:22,850 sigma of about three meters per second 153 00:06:26,290 --> 00:06:24,650 you have to stop and think about that 154 00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:26,300 number if you haven't before because 155 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:29,930 that's like a fast sprint right so kind 156 00:06:34,300 --> 00:06:31,250 of amazing that you can measure that 157 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:34,310 around a star that is at you know 15 158 00:06:39,610 --> 00:06:37,130 parsecs or some distance away so this 159 00:06:40,959 --> 00:06:39,620 plot shows stars that have already been 160 00:06:42,879 --> 00:06:40,969 discovered to have planets 161 00:06:44,589 --> 00:06:42,889 in the orange dots kind of what the 162 00:06:46,600 --> 00:06:44,599 state of the art has been for the last 163 00:06:48,819 --> 00:06:46,610 few years that's about 10 meters per 164 00:06:50,949 --> 00:06:48,829 second three sigma and where Paul is 165 00:06:52,839 --> 00:06:50,959 attempting to push the technique over 166 00:06:55,509 --> 00:06:52,849 the last couple of years next couple of 167 00:06:58,689 --> 00:06:55,519 years which is a very consistent 3 Sigma 168 00:07:00,399 --> 00:06:58,699 of 3 meters per second and also shown on 169 00:07:04,809 --> 00:07:00,409 here in the green and in the purple 170 00:07:06,609 --> 00:07:04,819 lines are the limits that one could get 171 00:07:07,989 --> 00:07:06,619 from astrometric measurements and i'll 172 00:07:10,059 --> 00:07:07,999 come back to those in a couple of 173 00:07:12,039 --> 00:07:10,069 minutes but I think what you can tell 174 00:07:14,499 --> 00:07:12,049 from this is that around sun-like stars 175 00:07:16,899 --> 00:07:14,509 the technique that's really going to 176 00:07:18,759 --> 00:07:16,909 probe to the lowest mass planets and at 177 00:07:20,709 --> 00:07:18,769 interesting separations from the star 178 00:07:24,129 --> 00:07:20,719 and the next few years is going to be 179 00:07:27,009 --> 00:07:24,139 the radial velocity technique and this 180 00:07:29,979 --> 00:07:27,019 next slide when it comes up is going to 181 00:07:32,049 --> 00:07:29,989 show a simulation of what radial 182 00:07:35,679 --> 00:07:32,059 velocity could do with a precision of 183 00:07:38,439 --> 00:07:35,689 one meter per second and long telescope 184 00:07:40,569 --> 00:07:38,449 runs so that you can really get a 185 00:07:42,819 --> 00:07:40,579 cadence necessary to observe something 186 00:07:44,739 --> 00:07:42,829 that orbits its star frequently and this 187 00:07:46,659 --> 00:07:44,749 particular simulation was done for a 188 00:07:48,579 --> 00:07:46,669 half a solar mass star and that places 189 00:07:51,399 --> 00:07:48,589 the habitable zone at about a period of 190 00:07:54,939 --> 00:07:51,409 50 days so this is for a 5 earth-mass 191 00:07:56,409 --> 00:07:54,949 planet and on the top plot you see what 192 00:07:58,540 --> 00:07:56,419 it would look like if you actually took 193 00:08:01,540 --> 00:07:58,550 data with a precision of about a meter 194 00:08:04,389 --> 00:08:01,550 per second every day for a year and then 195 00:08:06,429 --> 00:08:04,399 if you did an analysis of those data you 196 00:08:08,350 --> 00:08:06,439 would find that in a power spectrum the 197 00:08:09,969 --> 00:08:08,360 period of 50 days does indeed come up 198 00:08:12,819 --> 00:08:09,979 very strongly and so you could detect 199 00:08:15,039 --> 00:08:12,829 that five earth-mass planet although you 200 00:08:17,139 --> 00:08:15,049 can see that that planet produces a 201 00:08:18,939 --> 00:08:17,149 signal of about a meter per second and 202 00:08:20,379 --> 00:08:18,949 so it's very difficult this is the 203 00:08:24,789 --> 00:08:20,389 cutting edge of what they'll be able to 204 00:08:27,039 --> 00:08:24,799 do in the next few years and Paul okay 205 00:08:29,859 --> 00:08:27,049 Paul will be commissioning a new 206 00:08:31,779 --> 00:08:29,869 spectrograph on the Magellan telescope 207 00:08:34,209 --> 00:08:31,789 at last components Observatory this year 208 00:08:36,939 --> 00:08:34,219 that will hopefully do better on and do 209 00:08:38,980 --> 00:08:36,949 meter per second precision and another 210 00:08:40,449 --> 00:08:38,990 of our co-investigators John Chambers is 211 00:08:44,049 --> 00:08:40,459 working on advanced computational 212 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:44,059 techniques in order to tease out planets 213 00:08:49,710 --> 00:08:46,250 especially multiple planet systems from 214 00:08:51,639 --> 00:08:49,720 radial velocity data so i mentioned 215 00:08:55,629 --> 00:08:51,649 astrometry as another 216 00:08:57,549 --> 00:08:55,639 technique for finding planets and the we 217 00:08:59,499 --> 00:08:57,559 also have an astromech planet search 218 00:09:00,999 --> 00:08:59,509 going on at last campanas observatory on 219 00:09:02,859 --> 00:09:01,009 the dupont telescope with a brand-new 220 00:09:05,410 --> 00:09:02,869 camera that just flashed up there called 221 00:09:07,780 --> 00:09:05,420 caps cam this is a project led by alan 222 00:09:09,369 --> 00:09:07,790 boss although i'm a co-investigator so 223 00:09:11,139 --> 00:09:09,379 if we now start thinking about estranha 224 00:09:12,999 --> 00:09:11,149 tree instead of radial velocity that's 225 00:09:14,919 --> 00:09:13,009 watching the motion of a star on the 226 00:09:17,169 --> 00:09:14,929 plane of the sky as its tugged on by a 227 00:09:20,259 --> 00:09:17,179 planet going around it instead of toward 228 00:09:22,269 --> 00:09:20,269 and away from you and as you the 229 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:22,279 astrometric signal is increased by 230 00:09:26,530 --> 00:09:24,410 having a lower mass star so that a 231 00:09:29,499 --> 00:09:26,540 planet of a given mass makes it move 232 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:29,509 more and also by looking at stars that 233 00:09:33,549 --> 00:09:31,730 are very nearby because that way they 234 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:33,559 their apparent motion on the sky is 235 00:09:40,030 --> 00:09:37,970 larger and in this case then you're 236 00:09:42,819 --> 00:09:40,040 driven to look at lower mass stars and 237 00:09:44,350 --> 00:09:42,829 stars that are very nearby so for solar 238 00:09:46,090 --> 00:09:44,360 type stars like the ones that Paul 239 00:09:48,069 --> 00:09:46,100 Butler is interested in in order to get 240 00:09:50,379 --> 00:09:48,079 a reasonable sample like a hundred stars 241 00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:50,389 you'd have to go out to a distance of 242 00:09:56,079 --> 00:09:54,290 about 30 parsecs from the Sun whereas to 243 00:09:58,150 --> 00:09:56,089 get a sample of very low mass stars 244 00:10:00,639 --> 00:09:58,160 those are the m-type stars or even brown 245 00:10:05,139 --> 00:10:00,649 dwarfs you only have to go out to 5 to 246 00:10:08,350 --> 00:10:05,149 10 parsecs to get 100 stars and so now a 247 00:10:11,949 --> 00:10:08,360 precision of 250 micro arc seconds which 248 00:10:15,150 --> 00:10:11,959 is the yellow line and this plot enables 249 00:10:17,889 --> 00:10:15,160 you to detect Jovian mass planet at 250 00:10:21,069 --> 00:10:17,899 interesting distances astronomical units 251 00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:21,079 or scales from nearby low mass stars and 252 00:10:24,939 --> 00:10:22,790 that's the principle of the astrometric 253 00:10:26,949 --> 00:10:24,949 planet search and it should be going on 254 00:10:31,660 --> 00:10:26,959 at last Campanas Observatory for the 255 00:10:33,549 --> 00:10:31,670 next decade so studies of extrasolar 256 00:10:36,129 --> 00:10:33,559 planetary systems have already shown 257 00:10:38,230 --> 00:10:36,139 that most planetary systems are not like 258 00:10:40,749 --> 00:10:38,240 our own right they contain planets at a 259 00:10:42,789 --> 00:10:40,759 wide range of eccentricities at a wide 260 00:10:45,460 --> 00:10:42,799 range of separations from their central 261 00:10:47,590 --> 00:10:45,470 stars you have low-mass planets that can 262 00:10:49,629 --> 00:10:47,600 be further out or closer in so a 263 00:10:51,519 --> 00:10:49,639 fundamental question that we want to ask 264 00:10:53,889 --> 00:10:51,529 for biological question we want to ask 265 00:10:55,780 --> 00:10:53,899 is how did our system come to be 266 00:10:57,999 --> 00:10:55,790 habitable how did we wind up with a 267 00:11:00,190 --> 00:10:58,009 planetary architecture that allowed us 268 00:11:02,140 --> 00:11:00,200 to have a habitable earth 269 00:11:03,940 --> 00:11:02,150 and that is the question that's asked by 270 00:11:06,130 --> 00:11:03,950 a Scott Shepherd the next of our 271 00:11:08,770 --> 00:11:06,140 co-investigators by studying the small 272 00:11:10,930 --> 00:11:08,780 bodies in our solar system so this slide 273 00:11:14,440 --> 00:11:10,940 shows a cartoon of the solar system 274 00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:14,450 where we have currently today reservoirs 275 00:11:19,270 --> 00:11:16,460 of small bodies that is asteroids and 276 00:11:22,030 --> 00:11:19,280 comets primarily in the Kuiper belt out 277 00:11:24,730 --> 00:11:22,040 at 50 or so astronomical units from the 278 00:11:26,860 --> 00:11:24,740 Sun and the Oort cloud much further away 279 00:11:29,350 --> 00:11:26,870 but the important thing is that those 280 00:11:31,300 --> 00:11:29,360 bodies came to be where they are and 281 00:11:33,910 --> 00:11:31,310 then the dynamical distributions in 282 00:11:35,740 --> 00:11:33,920 which they are because of the 283 00:11:37,300 --> 00:11:35,750 interaction with the giant planets and 284 00:11:40,990 --> 00:11:37,310 so it's the architecture of our 285 00:11:43,180 --> 00:11:41,000 planetary system that resulted in the 286 00:11:45,730 --> 00:11:43,190 locations of the small bodies as we see 287 00:11:47,380 --> 00:11:45,740 them today and in particular there are 288 00:11:49,570 --> 00:11:47,390 some bodies that are very hard to 289 00:11:51,850 --> 00:11:49,580 understand given what we know about the 290 00:11:54,730 --> 00:11:51,860 architecture of our system and so for 291 00:11:56,830 --> 00:11:54,740 example said no which is one object that 292 00:11:59,200 --> 00:11:56,840 people may call the first detected in ER 293 00:12:02,590 --> 00:11:59,210 Oort cloud object or it's the furthest 294 00:12:04,450 --> 00:12:02,600 detected Kuiper belt object it's very 295 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:04,460 difficult to understand how it got in 296 00:12:08,350 --> 00:12:06,170 its present orbit it's in a highly 297 00:12:10,750 --> 00:12:08,360 eccentric orbit that takes it only about 298 00:12:13,060 --> 00:12:10,760 seven da you from the star from our Sun 299 00:12:15,790 --> 00:12:13,070 at closest approach so there are a 300 00:12:18,490 --> 00:12:15,800 couple of possibilities either we had an 301 00:12:21,010 --> 00:12:18,500 encounter with a nearby star or perhaps 302 00:12:23,680 --> 00:12:21,020 there's an unseen planet out in the 303 00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:23,690 Kuiper belt that modified Sedna's orbit 304 00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:27,290 and so Scott Shepherds project in the 305 00:12:31,540 --> 00:12:29,510 next couple of years is to search for 306 00:12:33,850 --> 00:12:31,550 more of these objects with strange 307 00:12:36,340 --> 00:12:33,860 dynamical and formation histories such 308 00:12:39,460 --> 00:12:36,350 as Sedna so he's going to do a very deep 309 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:39,470 very wide field survey looking for 310 00:12:43,330 --> 00:12:41,450 objects in the outer Kuiper belt and on 311 00:12:45,580 --> 00:12:43,340 this slide you can see kind of the state 312 00:12:48,190 --> 00:12:45,590 of what's known today for small bodies 313 00:12:50,440 --> 00:12:48,200 in the outer solar system most of these 314 00:12:52,750 --> 00:12:50,450 bodies can be explained by having had 315 00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:52,760 interaction interactions with the giant 316 00:12:57,820 --> 00:12:55,610 planets and Sedna in a class of only a 317 00:12:59,860 --> 00:12:57,830 couple of objects at this point that 318 00:13:01,540 --> 00:12:59,870 really seemed to have had dynamical 319 00:13:03,460 --> 00:13:01,550 interactions that we can't understand 320 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:03,470 just by the giant planets and so Scott 321 00:13:07,330 --> 00:13:05,090 will be looking for more of those and 322 00:13:09,250 --> 00:13:07,340 trying to understand based on the 323 00:13:11,490 --> 00:13:09,260 distribution of those small bodies what 324 00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:11,500 had to have happened in our early 325 00:13:19,350 --> 00:13:17,410 solar system so we can do analogous work 326 00:13:21,540 --> 00:13:19,360 to looking at the small bodies in our 327 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:21,550 solar system by looking at the disks 328 00:13:25,770 --> 00:13:23,290 around other stars and that's my 329 00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:25,780 interest but I won't spend the next 15 330 00:13:31,470 --> 00:13:29,440 slides on it I promise so here is an 331 00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:31,480 image that we took with the Hubble Space 332 00:13:37,710 --> 00:13:33,310 Telescope of the disk around another 333 00:13:39,680 --> 00:13:37,720 star HR 47 96a and the dust that's in 334 00:13:42,030 --> 00:13:39,690 this system is created by the 335 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:42,040 evaporation or the collisions of 336 00:13:46,260 --> 00:13:44,170 planetesimals the equivalent to the 337 00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:46,270 asteroids and comets in our own system 338 00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:48,610 and so when we look at these systems 339 00:13:53,460 --> 00:13:51,490 it's that kind of population of small 340 00:13:55,590 --> 00:13:53,470 bodies that we're looking at and we try 341 00:13:57,660 --> 00:13:55,600 to relate that back to what we see in 342 00:13:59,820 --> 00:13:57,670 the small bodies in our own system and 343 00:14:01,740 --> 00:13:59,830 in this particular image one of the 344 00:14:03,570 --> 00:14:01,750 interesting things that that you can 345 00:14:06,210 --> 00:14:03,580 measure although it's very hard to see 346 00:14:08,190 --> 00:14:06,220 visually is that one side of the disc 347 00:14:10,710 --> 00:14:08,200 thus brighter side on the left is 348 00:14:13,620 --> 00:14:10,720 actually slightly closer to the central 349 00:14:16,290 --> 00:14:13,630 star then the opposite side of the disc 350 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:16,300 is so the disc probably has some small 351 00:14:22,290 --> 00:14:19,570 intrinsic eccentricity and one way to 352 00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:22,300 get intrinsic eccentricities in the 353 00:14:27,180 --> 00:14:24,730 population of small bodies is to 354 00:14:29,520 --> 00:14:27,190 generate them with an eccentricity of a 355 00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:29,530 planet in the system and we do know that 356 00:14:34,740 --> 00:14:32,890 in most other planetary systems the 357 00:14:37,560 --> 00:14:34,750 planets are in eccentric orbits and not 358 00:14:40,829 --> 00:14:37,570 in circular orbits so furthermore we 359 00:14:43,860 --> 00:14:40,839 know that this system went at least as 360 00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:43,870 far as making planetesimals in terms of 361 00:14:48,420 --> 00:14:46,510 growing things into planets and it might 362 00:14:50,070 --> 00:14:48,430 be analogous to what the early solar 363 00:14:52,110 --> 00:14:50,080 system look like at a time when there 364 00:14:54,030 --> 00:14:52,120 was a much denser population of small 365 00:14:56,910 --> 00:14:54,040 bodies than there is in the solar system 366 00:14:58,740 --> 00:14:56,920 today now on the right you see the color 367 00:15:00,780 --> 00:14:58,750 of this disk which is very red and I'll 368 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:00,790 come back to that color in a couple of 369 00:15:08,550 --> 00:15:03,250 minutes when I talk about the study of 370 00:15:10,260 --> 00:15:08,560 organics in our system so now you've 371 00:15:11,850 --> 00:15:10,270 seen a little bit of the flavor of what 372 00:15:14,010 --> 00:15:11,860 we're doing on the diversity of 373 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:14,020 planetary systems and trying to 374 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:15,970 understand the architecture of other 375 00:15:20,550 --> 00:15:18,250 planetary systems and of the origin of 376 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:20,560 the architecture of our habitable system 377 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:24,010 but even if we understood all of that we 378 00:15:28,019 --> 00:15:24,970 would still have 379 00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:28,029 a question or try to understand how we 380 00:15:33,780 --> 00:15:31,360 managed to get a habitable planet in our 381 00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:33,790 particular architecture and that is tied 382 00:15:38,429 --> 00:15:36,730 up with how you deliver the materials to 383 00:15:41,069 --> 00:15:38,439 the early Earth that you need in order 384 00:15:43,319 --> 00:15:41,079 to form interesting biochemistry in 385 00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:43,329 order to have habitability and so the 386 00:15:47,519 --> 00:15:45,610 second major thrust of research in our 387 00:15:49,619 --> 00:15:47,529 astrobiology group is the origin and 388 00:15:51,199 --> 00:15:49,629 evolution of organic matter in the solar 389 00:15:53,249 --> 00:15:51,209 system and you can see the 390 00:15:56,220 --> 00:15:53,259 co-investigators on this slide who are 391 00:16:00,269 --> 00:15:56,230 involved in that project and this again 392 00:16:02,100 --> 00:16:00,279 this spans now astronomers to laboratory 393 00:16:04,350 --> 00:16:02,110 astrophysicists as I like to call my 394 00:16:08,699 --> 00:16:04,360 colleagues of meteor it assists and 395 00:16:10,879 --> 00:16:08,709 organic chemists so the first thing we 396 00:16:13,769 --> 00:16:10,889 can do is ask in our own solar system 397 00:16:16,590 --> 00:16:13,779 where we can really measure the current 398 00:16:17,879 --> 00:16:16,600 day population of small bodies what are 399 00:16:20,819 --> 00:16:17,889 they made out of and do they have 400 00:16:22,740 --> 00:16:20,829 interesting organic contents and so this 401 00:16:25,199 --> 00:16:22,750 again is a project that Scott Shepherd 402 00:16:26,850 --> 00:16:25,209 is interested in where he looks at the 403 00:16:29,429 --> 00:16:26,860 colors of bodies in the outer solar 404 00:16:31,230 --> 00:16:29,439 system in the Kuiper belt and this shows 405 00:16:32,999 --> 00:16:31,240 and if you're not an astronomer are not 406 00:16:35,369 --> 00:16:33,009 used to looking at color color diagrams 407 00:16:36,869 --> 00:16:35,379 basically it shows how red objects are 408 00:16:38,790 --> 00:16:36,879 as you move to the upper right of the 409 00:16:41,340 --> 00:16:38,800 diagram you get objects that are redder 410 00:16:43,530 --> 00:16:41,350 and redder and there's a class of 411 00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:43,540 objects that Scott calls ultra red and 412 00:16:49,259 --> 00:16:47,110 our best idea for how they got to be so 413 00:16:52,110 --> 00:16:49,269 red is that they're covered with an 414 00:16:54,119 --> 00:16:52,120 organic sludge and this organic sludge 415 00:16:56,730 --> 00:16:54,129 which okay sludge is not a technical 416 00:16:59,670 --> 00:16:56,740 term this organic material might be 417 00:17:01,019 --> 00:16:59,680 similar to the material that we see for 418 00:17:03,420 --> 00:17:01,029 example on Titan that's been 419 00:17:07,199 --> 00:17:03,430 characterized as Titan Solon's and it 420 00:17:09,779 --> 00:17:07,209 might be made in interesting chemical 421 00:17:11,850 --> 00:17:09,789 ways you might for example bombard Isis 422 00:17:15,179 --> 00:17:11,860 particularly methane ice because it has 423 00:17:19,199 --> 00:17:15,189 carbon with ultraviolet or charged 424 00:17:21,569 --> 00:17:19,209 particles from the Sun and create these 425 00:17:24,329 --> 00:17:21,579 complex organics on the surfaces of 426 00:17:26,549 --> 00:17:24,339 these objects and so what scott intends 427 00:17:28,710 --> 00:17:26,559 to do is probe the distribution of 428 00:17:30,690 --> 00:17:28,720 colors in the outer solar system along 429 00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:30,700 with what the ISIS are that are actually 430 00:17:36,149 --> 00:17:33,490 present on the surfaces of these bodies 431 00:17:39,130 --> 00:17:36,159 to try to understand out of what Isis if 432 00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:39,140 in fact it is Isis you make 433 00:17:44,830 --> 00:17:41,690 this ultra red material that we observe 434 00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:44,840 we think to be organic rich and that 435 00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:47,300 ties in very nicely to what I try to do 436 00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:49,730 around discs around other stars where I 437 00:17:55,810 --> 00:17:52,970 try to understand what their colors tell 438 00:17:58,240 --> 00:17:55,820 us about their compositions and so here 439 00:18:00,730 --> 00:17:58,250 is shown on the right a number of 440 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:00,740 different discs around stars so six of 441 00:18:04,690 --> 00:18:03,290 them that have different colors and in 442 00:18:07,780 --> 00:18:04,700 black is the one that I showed you 443 00:18:10,050 --> 00:18:07,790 earlier actually HR 47 96 and that's 444 00:18:13,540 --> 00:18:10,060 also what's shown on the left and black 445 00:18:15,580 --> 00:18:13,550 so that particular disc has a color 446 00:18:18,550 --> 00:18:15,590 which is very similar to the color of 447 00:18:20,830 --> 00:18:18,560 red outer solar system objects and shown 448 00:18:22,750 --> 00:18:20,840 in red / plotted with it is a centaur 449 00:18:26,170 --> 00:18:22,760 which is basically a Kuiper belt object 450 00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:26,180 named pholis so the similarity and color 451 00:18:32,110 --> 00:18:29,030 that we see between some of these red XO 452 00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:32,120 solar discs and the red colors that we 453 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:34,310 see in the bodies in the outer solar 454 00:18:38,890 --> 00:18:36,530 system we think that the same 455 00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:38,900 Astrophysical planetary processes are at 456 00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:41,090 work in both kinds of systems and so 457 00:18:45,730 --> 00:18:43,250 we'd like to make the analogy from these 458 00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:45,740 red organic-rich objects in our system 459 00:18:51,610 --> 00:18:48,770 to the dust and bodies and other systems 460 00:18:54,190 --> 00:18:51,620 as also being red and organic rich and 461 00:18:57,250 --> 00:18:54,200 so Scott's work on the solar system will 462 00:18:59,230 --> 00:18:57,260 continue to inform what we can say about 463 00:19:01,480 --> 00:18:59,240 the composition of the material around 464 00:19:03,910 --> 00:19:01,490 other discs as I try to ask the question 465 00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:03,920 how many other planetary systems were 466 00:19:09,250 --> 00:19:06,890 capable of forming habitable planets and 467 00:19:13,660 --> 00:19:09,260 and seeding them with the carbon that 468 00:19:16,150 --> 00:19:13,670 was necessary for life so in that vein 469 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:16,160 it is small bodies that bring the 470 00:19:20,530 --> 00:19:18,170 volatile xand organics that are 471 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:20,540 interesting for life to young planets 472 00:19:26,620 --> 00:19:24,410 and a major thrust of our astrobiology 473 00:19:29,470 --> 00:19:26,630 group is to actually investigate these 474 00:19:31,810 --> 00:19:29,480 kinds of materials in situ so we can do 475 00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:31,820 these remote sensing observations and we 476 00:19:35,080 --> 00:19:33,770 can look at outer solar system bodies we 477 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:35,090 can look at other discs but there's 478 00:19:38,890 --> 00:19:36,650 nothing like actually looking at the 479 00:19:41,110 --> 00:19:38,900 organics in your laboratory and trying 480 00:19:43,870 --> 00:19:41,120 to figure out how they came to be as 481 00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:43,880 they are so there's a lot of 482 00:19:47,590 --> 00:19:45,770 state-of-the-art instrumentation that's 483 00:19:50,269 --> 00:19:47,600 being brought to bear on the problem of 484 00:19:52,700 --> 00:19:50,279 meteoritic and commentary organics 485 00:19:54,739 --> 00:19:52,710 both at the Carnegie Institution and at 486 00:19:57,459 --> 00:19:54,749 the institutions of our co investigators 487 00:20:01,310 --> 00:19:57,469 so this is a slide from Rhonda Stroud 488 00:20:03,799 --> 00:20:01,320 showing an insta to a picture of 489 00:20:06,259 --> 00:20:03,809 organics in a meteorite and that's 490 00:20:08,269 --> 00:20:06,269 what's on the left here and it turns out 491 00:20:10,549 --> 00:20:08,279 that one of the mysteries of organic 492 00:20:12,709 --> 00:20:10,559 matter and meteorites is why much of it 493 00:20:15,879 --> 00:20:12,719 is found in these little nano globules 494 00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:15,889 these tiny isolated hollow spheres and 495 00:20:20,629 --> 00:20:18,690 presumably that unusual structure for 496 00:20:23,719 --> 00:20:20,639 the organics has something to say about 497 00:20:26,329 --> 00:20:23,729 how the organics were formed in the 498 00:20:29,479 --> 00:20:26,339 meteorite parent body but it's only by 499 00:20:32,899 --> 00:20:29,489 studying the organics in situ that you 500 00:20:34,609 --> 00:20:32,909 can really be sure that the shapes and 501 00:20:36,769 --> 00:20:34,619 nano scales that you're observing 502 00:20:38,989 --> 00:20:36,779 actually reflect what the parent body 503 00:20:40,609 --> 00:20:38,999 looks like and not some processing that 504 00:20:42,799 --> 00:20:40,619 happens in the laboratory afterwards 505 00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:42,809 although on the right is isolated 506 00:20:47,509 --> 00:20:44,700 organic material which does in fact 507 00:20:50,180 --> 00:20:47,519 still show one of these globules so the 508 00:20:52,549 --> 00:20:50,190 question is this organic material and 509 00:20:54,379 --> 00:20:52,559 meteorites it is insoluble organic 510 00:20:55,969 --> 00:20:54,389 matter which makes seventy percent or 511 00:20:58,999 --> 00:20:55,979 even close to a hundred percent of the 512 00:21:00,769 --> 00:20:59,009 organic material in meteorites where did 513 00:21:05,869 --> 00:21:00,779 it come from what is it and how did it 514 00:21:08,479 --> 00:21:05,879 get to its present form so a number of 515 00:21:11,859 --> 00:21:08,489 different analytical methods are being 516 00:21:14,570 --> 00:21:11,869 brought to bear on these questions and 517 00:21:16,879 --> 00:21:14,580 in the next slide I'm going to show you 518 00:21:19,579 --> 00:21:16,889 how a couple of them interrelate and 519 00:21:23,180 --> 00:21:19,589 that is looking at the isotopic and 520 00:21:26,299 --> 00:21:23,190 compositional composition of meteoritic 521 00:21:29,749 --> 00:21:26,309 organic matter institue so shown in the 522 00:21:32,629 --> 00:21:29,759 color on this slide is a nano Simms 523 00:21:35,450 --> 00:21:32,639 analysis of the isotopic composition of 524 00:21:37,849 --> 00:21:35,460 the organic material and you can see 525 00:21:39,829 --> 00:21:37,859 that rather than being isotopically 526 00:21:42,139 --> 00:21:39,839 homogeneous there are hot spots 527 00:21:44,209 --> 00:21:42,149 deuterium enriched hot spots nitrogen 528 00:21:47,029 --> 00:21:44,219 and rich nitrogen 15 and rich hot spots 529 00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:47,039 and so despite the fact that the 530 00:21:50,629 --> 00:21:48,710 organics have undergone considerable 531 00:21:52,690 --> 00:21:50,639 processing and their parent bodies 532 00:21:56,749 --> 00:21:52,700 somehow they've managed to maintain 533 00:21:59,539 --> 00:21:56,759 these very small scale inhomogeneities 534 00:22:00,829 --> 00:21:59,549 and that is another key question that 535 00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:00,839 the group here would like to answer 536 00:22:04,960 --> 00:22:02,730 about how the organics 537 00:22:08,840 --> 00:22:04,970 formed and more processed in meteorites 538 00:22:10,220 --> 00:22:08,850 so once people like Larry net lurves 539 00:22:13,669 --> 00:22:10,230 actually sitting behind me have gone 540 00:22:17,419 --> 00:22:13,679 ahead and analyzed the isotopic 541 00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:17,429 composition of the materials Rhonda 542 00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:19,890 Stroud can go in and actually extract 543 00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:22,530 little segments of the meteorite that 544 00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:24,510 are known to have these isotopic 545 00:22:28,850 --> 00:22:26,850 anomalies and so what you see in the 546 00:22:30,919 --> 00:22:28,860 grayscale underneath is electron 547 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:30,929 microscope image showing the little 548 00:22:37,760 --> 00:22:33,690 segments that she can go and actually 549 00:22:39,650 --> 00:22:37,770 cut out with an ion beam and you can see 550 00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:39,660 that those little segments run right 551 00:22:46,310 --> 00:22:42,210 through those inhomogeneity is those hot 552 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:46,320 spots in the isotopes so once those 553 00:22:53,150 --> 00:22:50,090 pieces are extracted then even more 554 00:22:56,510 --> 00:22:53,160 analytical tools can be brought to try 555 00:22:58,520 --> 00:22:56,520 to understand what that says about the 556 00:23:01,220 --> 00:22:58,530 kind of organics those hot spots are 557 00:23:04,159 --> 00:23:01,230 located in and so here you can see on 558 00:23:05,870 --> 00:23:04,169 the lower left an actual image of the 559 00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:05,880 area of that meteorite that's been 560 00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:08,850 extracted with the enriched hot spots 561 00:23:15,530 --> 00:23:12,450 along it and on the right x-ray spectra 562 00:23:17,930 --> 00:23:15,540 that show the molecular form of the 563 00:23:22,430 --> 00:23:17,940 organics that contain those hot spots 564 00:23:24,710 --> 00:23:22,440 and so together the idea is to use all 565 00:23:27,530 --> 00:23:24,720 of these techniques to ask how it is 566 00:23:29,930 --> 00:23:27,540 that you formed this insoluble organic 567 00:23:32,150 --> 00:23:29,940 matter how you incorporated these 568 00:23:33,470 --> 00:23:32,160 inhomogeneities into that matter and 569 00:23:35,930 --> 00:23:33,480 preserved them through whatever 570 00:23:41,030 --> 00:23:35,940 alteration was happening on the 571 00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:41,040 meteorite parent body so once you've 572 00:23:46,460 --> 00:23:43,410 done this you then still have to come up 573 00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:46,470 with an over-arching theory of the 574 00:23:51,770 --> 00:23:49,110 organic matter and it's pulling together 575 00:23:53,390 --> 00:23:51,780 all of these different results from the 576 00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:53,400 different analytical techniques that 577 00:23:57,490 --> 00:23:55,140 will really result in a comprehensive 578 00:24:00,830 --> 00:23:57,500 understanding of the organics and 579 00:24:02,419 --> 00:24:00,840 hopefully reveal how it originated so 580 00:24:05,539 --> 00:24:02,429 this slide shows some of the additional 581 00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:05,549 techniques that George is applying to 582 00:24:10,430 --> 00:24:08,610 the organics both those extracted from 583 00:24:14,030 --> 00:24:10,440 meteorites and from the veldt two 584 00:24:15,210 --> 00:24:14,040 samples and also reproducing them in the 585 00:24:16,919 --> 00:24:15,220 laboratory to an 586 00:24:19,710 --> 00:24:16,929 understand what the physical conditions 587 00:24:23,820 --> 00:24:19,720 are that may have produced the organics 588 00:24:26,789 --> 00:24:23,830 that are measured and so on the left for 589 00:24:29,580 --> 00:24:26,799 example you can see some results from 590 00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:29,590 typical meteorite insoluble organic 591 00:24:34,020 --> 00:24:31,360 matter compared to cometary matter and 592 00:24:35,850 --> 00:24:34,030 they bear many similarities in the 593 00:24:38,669 --> 00:24:35,860 middle you can see a two dimensional 594 00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:38,679 nuclear magnetic resonance imaging that 595 00:24:44,190 --> 00:24:41,080 shows the kind of structure that that 596 00:24:46,860 --> 00:24:44,200 organic matter takes and implies that it 597 00:24:50,430 --> 00:24:46,870 originated in simple sugars or in sugar 598 00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:50,440 like structures and in the laboratory 599 00:24:56,399 --> 00:24:53,650 George can take formaldehyde and through 600 00:24:57,659 --> 00:24:56,409 two sugars and do it under different 601 00:25:00,600 --> 00:24:57,669 temperatures and under aqueous 602 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:00,610 conditions and produce a polymer an 603 00:25:06,360 --> 00:25:03,010 insoluble organic polymer which closely 604 00:25:08,279 --> 00:25:06,370 resembles in its spectrum the actual 605 00:25:10,950 --> 00:25:08,289 organic material that is found in 606 00:25:12,539 --> 00:25:10,960 meteorites and it appears that way not 607 00:25:15,779 --> 00:25:12,549 only in a spectrum and its composition 608 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:15,789 but also in that image in terms of the 609 00:25:21,060 --> 00:25:18,970 ability to form the small spheres like 610 00:25:23,789 --> 00:25:21,070 what I showed you earlier and so there's 611 00:25:26,250 --> 00:25:23,799 the possibility that all of these 612 00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:26,260 organic solids originated from a set of 613 00:25:30,570 --> 00:25:27,970 chemistry starting from very simple 614 00:25:32,310 --> 00:25:30,580 precursors such as formaldehyde but 615 00:25:35,370 --> 00:25:32,320 that's a conclusion that remains to be 616 00:25:39,060 --> 00:25:35,380 proven and is a rest of George's work 617 00:25:41,760 --> 00:25:39,070 over the next few years so that wraps up 618 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:41,770 the first two tasks of our astrobiology 619 00:25:45,360 --> 00:25:43,450 group so I'm going to turn it over to 620 00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:45,370 Steve shy right now to take off from 621 00:25:54,419 --> 00:25:52,210 there well I'm a new investigator you 622 00:25:56,340 --> 00:25:54,429 know to this team and I got involved 623 00:25:59,760 --> 00:25:56,350 because I have a lot of expertise in our 624 00:26:02,250 --> 00:25:59,770 key in geochemistry and in interaction 625 00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:02,260 between hydrothermal solutions and and 626 00:26:08,100 --> 00:26:05,080 ocean ridge systems and I've been really 627 00:26:09,899 --> 00:26:08,110 worried over the last 10 or 15 years on 628 00:26:11,490 --> 00:26:09,909 the formation of continents and of 629 00:26:15,419 --> 00:26:11,500 course forming a stable continental 630 00:26:16,890 --> 00:26:15,429 platform makes a platform for life 631 00:26:18,299 --> 00:26:16,900 that's in the photic zone and so all 632 00:26:20,190 --> 00:26:18,309 these processes happening the early 633 00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:20,200 Earth are very very key on when earth 634 00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:22,510 does become habitable what I'm going to 635 00:26:27,330 --> 00:26:24,970 talk about today are items three and 636 00:26:30,870 --> 00:26:27,340 four on this on this list here which is 637 00:26:33,660 --> 00:26:30,880 really having to do with the rocky 638 00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:33,670 planets and and what our investigative 639 00:26:38,970 --> 00:26:36,210 team is doing the first is on on 640 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:38,980 volatiles the the carbon hydrogen oxygen 641 00:26:42,390 --> 00:26:41,050 and nitrogen volatile and planetary 642 00:26:44,790 --> 00:26:42,400 interiors and the second will be on 643 00:26:50,190 --> 00:26:44,800 primary carbon in Martian meteorites and 644 00:26:53,370 --> 00:26:50,200 terrestrial analog systems so let me 645 00:26:56,160 --> 00:26:53,380 start with our investigator John 646 00:26:57,750 --> 00:26:56,170 Chambers because this is where you'll 647 00:27:00,420 --> 00:26:57,760 see in the next slide here in a second 648 00:27:03,630 --> 00:27:00,430 where the original inventory of 649 00:27:06,110 --> 00:27:03,640 volatiles comes from John is doing 650 00:27:10,650 --> 00:27:06,120 simulations of giant planet formation 651 00:27:13,650 --> 00:27:10,660 that involve the considerations of 652 00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:13,660 migration of planetary cores inward and 653 00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:16,510 finds that when you when you involve 654 00:27:20,460 --> 00:27:19,090 migration in these calculations you can 655 00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:20,470 see in a plot here the most massive 656 00:27:26,460 --> 00:27:23,170 bodies versus the total dis mask you 657 00:27:29,610 --> 00:27:26,470 produce more habitable or more gas-rich 658 00:27:31,950 --> 00:27:29,620 of rocky planets that will allow you to 659 00:27:34,710 --> 00:27:31,960 you know to start with a perhaps a 660 00:27:37,230 --> 00:27:34,720 better inventory of volatiles and the 661 00:27:39,660 --> 00:27:37,240 question of whether we are inventory of 662 00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:39,670 allah tools is a primary one or volatile 663 00:27:43,170 --> 00:27:41,290 Zarda limited after is really the 664 00:27:45,090 --> 00:27:43,180 starting point for the study of 665 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:45,100 planetary volatile so what we're 666 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:51,010 concerned about next the next item that 667 00:27:56,670 --> 00:27:53,050 will talk about is a standalone project 668 00:27:58,920 --> 00:27:56,680 of the messenger project involving 669 00:28:00,210 --> 00:27:58,930 mercury and work that Sean Solomon's 670 00:28:02,970 --> 00:28:00,220 done over the years on Mars this 671 00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:02,980 involves investigator Shawn Solomon and 672 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:06,610 Larry knit ler Larry again back to my 673 00:28:10,860 --> 00:28:08,890 left here I feel funny talking about it 674 00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:10,870 with him sitting behind me but the key 675 00:28:16,350 --> 00:28:13,330 question here is is when we look to the 676 00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:16,360 extreme limit of the smallest rocky body 677 00:28:23,220 --> 00:28:19,090 in our solar system how does that place 678 00:28:27,540 --> 00:28:23,230 a limit on the kind of conditions that 679 00:28:33,780 --> 00:28:27,550 we have on earth for for a volatile are 680 00:28:35,250 --> 00:28:33,790 volatile inventory well yeah so the key 681 00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:35,260 point about the messenger is it's a 682 00:28:40,029 --> 00:28:37,510 standalone project but it brings a great 683 00:28:43,330 --> 00:28:40,039 intellectual diversity in the thinking 684 00:28:44,950 --> 00:28:43,340 that helps us just add to the richness 685 00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:44,960 of the kind of discourse we have here 686 00:28:50,169 --> 00:28:47,450 within the team another important of 687 00:28:54,399 --> 00:28:50,179 thrust is is trying to put some limits 688 00:28:56,109 --> 00:28:54,409 on the solubility of water in in magmas 689 00:28:58,810 --> 00:28:56,119 and especially in lunar magma this has 690 00:29:01,060 --> 00:28:58,820 been the work of team member eric harry 691 00:29:02,889 --> 00:29:01,070 and his collaborator Alberto Sol from 692 00:29:04,869 --> 00:29:02,899 brown and they've come up with a very 693 00:29:08,590 --> 00:29:04,879 interesting result by doing iron probe 694 00:29:12,639 --> 00:29:08,600 work on lunar glasses and that result 695 00:29:14,649 --> 00:29:12,649 has given us a much theoretical or an 696 00:29:15,969 --> 00:29:14,659 empirical look at the water content of 697 00:29:18,460 --> 00:29:15,979 the moon and says that it's much higher 698 00:29:20,409 --> 00:29:18,470 than we originally thought and that's a 699 00:29:22,450 --> 00:29:20,419 very interesting result because during 700 00:29:25,239 --> 00:29:22,460 the JM packed means that we don't have 701 00:29:27,190 --> 00:29:25,249 to really dry out the silicate material 702 00:29:30,129 --> 00:29:27,200 that was splashed out of the Earth's 703 00:29:32,109 --> 00:29:30,139 mantle and form the moon and it also 704 00:29:35,049 --> 00:29:32,119 bears into what the final solubility 705 00:29:37,719 --> 00:29:35,059 limit of water might be in in these 706 00:29:43,119 --> 00:29:37,729 kinds of processes my own work is 707 00:29:45,969 --> 00:29:43,129 involved in looking at diamonds and and 708 00:29:48,969 --> 00:29:45,979 the importance of early deep-seated 709 00:29:51,729 --> 00:29:48,979 carbon on the earth and the next slide 710 00:29:54,909 --> 00:29:51,739 here we'll see some of the work we've 711 00:29:57,269 --> 00:29:54,919 done on continental crayons takes a 712 00:29:59,710 --> 00:29:57,279 while for these slides to refresh 713 00:30:01,330 --> 00:29:59,720 connell crayons on earth are the 714 00:30:03,279 --> 00:30:01,340 storehouse of the oldest rocks and you 715 00:30:06,369 --> 00:30:03,289 see in this particular slide here a 716 00:30:08,710 --> 00:30:06,379 cross-section through a crate on on the 717 00:30:10,899 --> 00:30:08,720 left from the bottom where we have a 718 00:30:13,539 --> 00:30:10,909 piece of mantle it's stuck to the crate 719 00:30:15,399 --> 00:30:13,549 on in his ancient and with kimberlite 720 00:30:18,580 --> 00:30:15,409 eruptions through this deep portion of 721 00:30:20,169 --> 00:30:18,590 the mantle we see diamonds a'kla joists 722 00:30:23,259 --> 00:30:20,179 and prototypes that are brought up in 723 00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:23,269 one you know one particular eruption any 724 00:30:26,259 --> 00:30:24,710 particular ruption and the Diamonds 725 00:30:28,359 --> 00:30:26,269 themselves the importance of those is 726 00:30:30,369 --> 00:30:28,369 those are the oldest deepest carbon 727 00:30:33,369 --> 00:30:30,379 bearing phases we can find in the oldest 728 00:30:36,190 --> 00:30:33,379 stages that will give us some idea of 729 00:30:40,269 --> 00:30:36,200 where carbon came from during early 730 00:30:42,210 --> 00:30:40,279 tectonic processes on earth now if you 731 00:30:45,369 --> 00:30:42,220 look at this cross-section through 732 00:30:47,139 --> 00:30:45,379 crotonic mantle what you see is the 733 00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:47,149 areas where we can get good information 734 00:30:53,840 --> 00:30:50,250 and diamonds are also being now record 735 00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:53,850 from below the lithosphere so we really 736 00:30:57,440 --> 00:30:55,530 have deep-seated carbon that we can 737 00:31:03,140 --> 00:30:57,450 study through a look at natural diamonds 738 00:31:05,630 --> 00:31:03,150 not only from a mouse here not only do 739 00:31:07,450 --> 00:31:05,640 we have diamonds that are that are part 740 00:31:10,370 --> 00:31:07,460 of the lithosphere here these ancient 741 00:31:11,810 --> 00:31:10,380 ancient root zones right here but we 742 00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:11,820 have doubt diamonds that come from the 743 00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:13,770 transition zone and represent deep 744 00:31:17,630 --> 00:31:15,510 mantle recycling into the transition 745 00:31:20,290 --> 00:31:17,640 zone and that's a very exciting new new 746 00:31:26,030 --> 00:31:20,300 find that we're going to be trying to 747 00:31:27,680 --> 00:31:26,040 capitalize on in the work diamonds are 748 00:31:30,890 --> 00:31:27,690 important because they span a great age 749 00:31:33,290 --> 00:31:30,900 range across the type of changes that 750 00:31:37,540 --> 00:31:33,300 we've seen on the earth and so in the 751 00:31:40,490 --> 00:31:37,550 next slide you'll see a plot here of 752 00:31:41,810 --> 00:31:40,500 diamond age ranges from different minds 753 00:31:44,270 --> 00:31:41,820 the mines are over here on the left 754 00:31:45,620 --> 00:31:44,280 these are various localities and then 755 00:31:47,870 --> 00:31:45,630 the age range of diamonds have been 756 00:31:49,790 --> 00:31:47,880 found from those particular mines are 757 00:31:50,930 --> 00:31:49,800 these black bars and you can see that 758 00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:50,940 there's quite a range from the 759 00:31:56,810 --> 00:31:53,310 proterozoic all the way through into the 760 00:31:59,240 --> 00:31:56,820 mezzo even to some cases the ER kyun and 761 00:32:01,430 --> 00:31:59,250 that not only spans the range of major 762 00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:01,440 crust formation on the earth but also 763 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:04,290 spans the change in from reducing 764 00:32:08,630 --> 00:32:06,090 atmosphere on the earth to oxidizing 765 00:32:10,730 --> 00:32:08,640 atmosphere on the earth and so when we 766 00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:10,740 go back and try to reconstruct where 767 00:32:14,660 --> 00:32:12,810 these carbon bearing fluids came from we 768 00:32:16,460 --> 00:32:14,670 do have a chance to really look at a 769 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:16,470 tremendous range in the geological 770 00:32:23,510 --> 00:32:21,210 evolution of our entire planet the way 771 00:32:25,490 --> 00:32:23,520 this is done is by determining the age 772 00:32:28,340 --> 00:32:25,500 through looking at mineral inclusions in 773 00:32:30,710 --> 00:32:28,350 diamonds and in the next slide you'll 774 00:32:32,030 --> 00:32:30,720 see some pictures of the types of 775 00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:32,040 inclusions I won't go into a lot of 776 00:32:36,170 --> 00:32:34,410 detail but there are two main types of 777 00:32:38,450 --> 00:32:36,180 inclusions silicate inclusions and 778 00:32:40,100 --> 00:32:38,460 sulphide inclusions and we can work on 779 00:32:41,480 --> 00:32:40,110 each one of these we've done a lot more 780 00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:41,490 work recently on the sulphide inclusions 781 00:32:45,350 --> 00:32:43,290 because we can analyze individual 782 00:32:46,730 --> 00:32:45,360 diamonds but one of the things we do is 783 00:32:48,770 --> 00:32:46,740 to not only get the age from the 784 00:32:50,990 --> 00:32:48,780 sulphide where we look at the carbon 785 00:32:53,260 --> 00:32:51,000 isotopic composition and the stable 786 00:32:55,610 --> 00:32:53,270 isotopic composition of the sulfur and 787 00:32:58,160 --> 00:32:55,620 from that we can try to determine 788 00:33:01,130 --> 00:32:58,170 whether the source of the carbon was 789 00:33:02,290 --> 00:33:01,140 biotic or abiotic and in some cases we 790 00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:02,300 can also look at the nitrous 791 00:33:06,880 --> 00:33:04,370 nice atopic composition of trace 792 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:06,890 nitrogen that's in the diamond a really 793 00:33:11,770 --> 00:33:09,250 interesting result that was obtained by 794 00:33:14,950 --> 00:33:11,780 one of the team members James Farquhar 795 00:33:17,770 --> 00:33:14,960 was published in 2002 in science and in 796 00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:17,780 a diamond from araba something that was 797 00:33:23,140 --> 00:33:20,510 stored at 150 kilometers in lithosphere 798 00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:23,150 he discovered yes independent soul fries 799 00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:25,610 the topic composition differences from 800 00:33:32,980 --> 00:33:30,170 from the normal fractionation that can 801 00:33:36,730 --> 00:33:32,990 only have come from photolytic processes 802 00:33:39,160 --> 00:33:36,740 in india in the stratosphere before we 803 00:33:42,430 --> 00:33:39,170 had shielding oxygen to block those kind 804 00:33:44,470 --> 00:33:42,440 of isotopic change so that does this 805 00:33:47,260 --> 00:33:44,480 striking implication is that the carpets 806 00:33:49,380 --> 00:33:47,270 the sulfur from volcanic eruptions up 807 00:33:53,920 --> 00:33:49,390 into the stratosphere in the archaean 808 00:33:55,210 --> 00:33:53,930 was able to these eruptions produce 809 00:33:59,020 --> 00:33:55,220 sulfur that was able to have his 810 00:34:01,210 --> 00:33:59,030 isotopic composition changed that the 811 00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:01,220 sulfur was then brought down you know 812 00:34:04,930 --> 00:34:02,810 into sediments that were then subduction 813 00:34:06,730 --> 00:34:04,940 down in the lithosphere where they 814 00:34:08,919 --> 00:34:06,740 became part of diamond forming fluids so 815 00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:08,929 this is prima facie evidence that we 816 00:34:15,570 --> 00:34:11,330 have surface carbon as inclusions in 817 00:34:18,100 --> 00:34:15,580 diamonds now one of the nice things 818 00:34:20,370 --> 00:34:18,110 that's been added to the team is is a 819 00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:20,380 new by new investigator buren meeson and 820 00:34:28,510 --> 00:34:23,690 buren Mason's expertise the next slide 821 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:28,520 here is in studying the solubility and 822 00:34:32,919 --> 00:34:31,010 solution mechanisms of various volatile 823 00:34:35,490 --> 00:34:32,929 species depending on what the redox 824 00:34:38,409 --> 00:34:35,500 state of this particular experimental 825 00:34:41,860 --> 00:34:38,419 procedures are and so here he's got some 826 00:34:43,390 --> 00:34:41,870 experimental studies of volatiles in 827 00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:43,400 high-pressure silicate melts an 828 00:34:46,990 --> 00:34:45,410 interesting thing on the left here as 829 00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:47,000 you can see at different pressures here 830 00:34:55,210 --> 00:34:52,480 pressure is increasing with a bunch of 831 00:34:57,610 --> 00:34:55,220 spectral lines here raman shift raman 832 00:34:58,840 --> 00:34:57,620 spectra the higher pressure lines are at 833 00:35:00,880 --> 00:34:58,850 the top and the lower pressure on the 834 00:35:03,610 --> 00:35:00,890 bottom you can see a change in the 835 00:35:07,570 --> 00:35:03,620 absolute concentration or the relative 836 00:35:11,690 --> 00:35:07,580 concentration of methane hydroxyl 837 00:35:14,060 --> 00:35:11,700 hydrogen and and other species 838 00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:14,070 and what's interesting about the work is 839 00:35:19,099 --> 00:35:16,170 that not only is he able to look at the 840 00:35:21,620 --> 00:35:19,109 change in the very the composition of 841 00:35:22,960 --> 00:35:21,630 the volatile volatile species but 842 00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:22,970 there's also a carbon isotopic 843 00:35:29,060 --> 00:35:25,410 composition change it seems to be coming 844 00:35:32,930 --> 00:35:29,070 out depending on the type of oxidation 845 00:35:34,310 --> 00:35:32,940 state and the type of composition and 846 00:35:37,790 --> 00:35:34,320 structure of the melt so over here on 847 00:35:41,240 --> 00:35:37,800 the right you can see a bill c-13 change 848 00:35:43,780 --> 00:35:41,250 as you change the non bridging oxygen to 849 00:35:46,460 --> 00:35:43,790 silicon ratio or the melt composition 850 00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:46,470 yarn is also working in nitrogen and the 851 00:35:51,410 --> 00:35:49,560 different oxygen fugacity and what you 852 00:35:54,140 --> 00:35:51,420 see in the next slide here is again 853 00:35:56,990 --> 00:35:54,150 aramis spectra on the Left showing the 854 00:36:01,520 --> 00:35:57,000 range of species ranging from ammonia to 855 00:36:06,829 --> 00:36:01,530 two hydroxyl to two nitrogen dimers and 856 00:36:09,079 --> 00:36:06,839 and that the bulk composition of those 857 00:36:11,540 --> 00:36:09,089 nitrogen species changes with with 858 00:36:12,980 --> 00:36:11,550 oxygen fugacity so it is the solubility 859 00:36:14,569 --> 00:36:12,990 limit for nitrogen and there's a 860 00:36:18,140 --> 00:36:14,579 tremendous change depending on oxygen 861 00:36:19,819 --> 00:36:18,150 fugacity in all cases nitrogen increases 862 00:36:22,069 --> 00:36:19,829 with increasing pressure but the 863 00:36:23,660 --> 00:36:22,079 solubility goes way up at reducing 864 00:36:25,010 --> 00:36:23,670 conditions so these are some of the 865 00:36:26,930 --> 00:36:25,020 fundamental questions that this 866 00:36:28,910 --> 00:36:26,940 experimental approach will help us get 867 00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:28,920 to to try to understand how volatile zar 868 00:36:34,010 --> 00:36:30,810 stored and how they cycle through the 869 00:36:36,260 --> 00:36:34,020 earth another new team member alex 870 00:36:38,359 --> 00:36:36,270 Goncharov is taking this to extreme 871 00:36:42,050 --> 00:36:38,369 conditions and here we have some 872 00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:42,060 examples of how he's looking at it more 873 00:36:46,819 --> 00:36:44,510 extreme conditions not so much that the 874 00:36:48,319 --> 00:36:46,829 type of things Bjorn was looking at 875 00:36:51,170 --> 00:36:48,329 where we looking at the actual 876 00:36:53,450 --> 00:36:51,180 speciation and Mel structure but really 877 00:36:55,579 --> 00:36:53,460 looking at what kind of species exist at 878 00:36:57,650 --> 00:36:55,589 extreme conditions and also modeling it 879 00:37:01,819 --> 00:36:57,660 with some molecular dynamic simulations 880 00:37:06,970 --> 00:37:01,829 which you see on the right and finally 881 00:37:10,069 --> 00:37:06,980 we get to the the work of Andrew Steele 882 00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:10,079 long-term na i-team investigator here 883 00:37:16,370 --> 00:37:12,710 and on the top of this of this series of 884 00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:16,380 photomicrographs you see here are some 885 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:19,130 these top three panels a B and C are 886 00:37:24,109 --> 00:37:21,690 natural samples of a prototype from 887 00:37:25,070 --> 00:37:24,119 Svalbard of the backyard region and the 888 00:37:28,070 --> 00:37:25,080 bottom two 889 00:37:30,620 --> 00:37:28,080 those are two Martian meteorites and 890 00:37:33,830 --> 00:37:30,630 what what he's doing is trying to look 891 00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:33,840 at the storage of macromolecular carbon 892 00:37:38,660 --> 00:37:35,850 and the hosting minerals from a coma 893 00:37:42,410 --> 00:37:38,670 macromolecular carbon and try to from 894 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:42,420 the terrestrial localities look at what 895 00:37:47,890 --> 00:37:44,010 the analog conditions might be for the 896 00:37:51,140 --> 00:37:47,900 storage and and how this macromolecular 897 00:37:55,010 --> 00:37:51,150 carbon is stored in the various minerals 898 00:37:57,080 --> 00:37:55,020 in these particular meteorites and with 899 00:38:00,860 --> 00:37:57,090 that I'll turn over to team member 900 00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:00,870 Marilyn Fogle George okay George I'm 901 00:38:03,740 --> 00:38:02,370 sorry well actually I thought you were 902 00:38:05,090 --> 00:38:03,750 gonna cover this but I can understand 903 00:38:07,310 --> 00:38:05,100 why you don't want to so I'll be very 904 00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:07,320 brief oh okay no worries no worries so 905 00:38:12,830 --> 00:38:09,210 uh turns out all of this these studies 906 00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:12,840 of especially the delivery of the 907 00:38:17,450 --> 00:38:14,970 storage of and the release of follicles 908 00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:17,460 it needs to say beeston two fundamental 909 00:38:21,290 --> 00:38:19,410 issues relate to potentially a 910 00:38:23,560 --> 00:38:21,300 connection between geochemical evolution 911 00:38:26,240 --> 00:38:23,570 planet the emergence and origins of life 912 00:38:28,670 --> 00:38:26,250 this is a smaller task in a sense it's 913 00:38:30,170 --> 00:38:28,680 myself Bob Hazen in the Beatrice virgin 914 00:38:33,020 --> 00:38:30,180 ski in Johns Hopkins University of the 915 00:38:34,610 --> 00:38:33,030 new co I my interest has long been and 916 00:38:36,860 --> 00:38:34,620 continues to be the extent to which 917 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:36,870 mantle derived carbon and perhaps 918 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:38,850 hydrogen either directly or through 919 00:38:42,410 --> 00:38:41,010 serpentinization could be used in the 920 00:38:45,290 --> 00:38:42,420 presence of various transition metal 921 00:38:47,360 --> 00:38:45,300 sulfide catalysts to drive a complex 922 00:38:49,040 --> 00:38:47,370 reaction networking so these are serious 923 00:38:50,270 --> 00:38:49,050 experiments that we do under various 924 00:38:52,550 --> 00:38:50,280 temperature pressures include 925 00:38:54,350 --> 00:38:52,560 compositions with appropriate catalysts 926 00:38:57,320 --> 00:38:54,360 that we trusted Lee try to follow the 927 00:38:58,880 --> 00:38:57,330 chemistry if you will of course this is 928 00:39:01,370 --> 00:38:58,890 just a chemical reaction Network it 929 00:39:04,040 --> 00:39:01,380 works under fairly dilute conditions so 930 00:39:05,630 --> 00:39:04,050 demetrice for jet ski and Bob Hazen have 931 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:05,640 been tensely interested in how mineral 932 00:39:10,910 --> 00:39:07,290 surfaces may play a fundamental role in 933 00:39:13,250 --> 00:39:10,920 selecting out of a relatively dilute if 934 00:39:17,390 --> 00:39:13,260 you will a suit of complex calm 935 00:39:18,920 --> 00:39:17,400 compounds and not just select them but 936 00:39:20,540 --> 00:39:18,930 maybe perhaps even allow them to do 937 00:39:22,310 --> 00:39:20,550 things so in this slide is finally 938 00:39:24,950 --> 00:39:22,320 popped up you're looking at a very 939 00:39:27,440 --> 00:39:24,960 recent study came out of Dimitris work 940 00:39:29,060 --> 00:39:27,450 with actually two any i funded postdocs 941 00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:29,070 looking at glutamate attachment on 942 00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:32,490 rutile Demetrius burtynsky is the expert 943 00:39:36,690 --> 00:39:34,830 on surface thermodynamics surface 944 00:39:39,180 --> 00:39:36,700 chemical thermodynamics 945 00:39:41,160 --> 00:39:39,190 and he is come up with some very 946 00:39:43,380 --> 00:39:41,170 sophisticated models to understand how 947 00:39:46,079 --> 00:39:43,390 various organic compounds would like 948 00:39:48,599 --> 00:39:46,089 eight to two surfaces based on ph and 949 00:39:50,790 --> 00:39:48,609 electric double layer effects and on the 950 00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:50,800 left you see experimental results that 951 00:39:54,960 --> 00:39:52,930 his two postdocs have performed doing 952 00:39:57,240 --> 00:39:54,970 very careful tie take titration studies 953 00:39:59,099 --> 00:39:57,250 and you see and without it going to any 954 00:40:00,930 --> 00:39:59,109 detailed in fact Dmitri it looks like 955 00:40:02,579 --> 00:40:00,940 Dimitri's getting this right so this is 956 00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:02,589 just the beginning of a five-year 957 00:40:08,430 --> 00:40:04,450 project to sort out some very very 958 00:40:10,020 --> 00:40:08,440 complex phenomena on mineral surfaces so 959 00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:10,030 with that I'm going to hand it over to 960 00:40:16,579 --> 00:40:12,970 test five and six Marilyn Fogle and I 961 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:16,589 will get this thing to go find Marilyn 962 00:40:25,099 --> 00:40:20,410 here she comes Larry there's Marilyn 963 00:40:30,720 --> 00:40:25,109 yeah get you in here there's a lot Tuffy 964 00:40:34,109 --> 00:40:30,730 yeah I'll get you a depends good 965 00:40:38,069 --> 00:40:34,119 afternoon one of the I think the 966 00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:38,079 strength of our biology program here at 967 00:40:48,900 --> 00:40:40,510 the crazy is that they have a very close 968 00:40:54,890 --> 00:40:48,910 association organic studies that part 969 00:40:57,770 --> 00:40:54,900 derived from Sun biological means and 970 00:41:00,990 --> 00:40:57,780 one of the major thrust that we've had 971 00:41:04,290 --> 00:41:01,000 at least for the past five years is to 972 00:41:06,599 --> 00:41:04,300 be able to distinguish biologically 973 00:41:09,260 --> 00:41:06,609 derived organic matter with a 974 00:41:12,480 --> 00:41:09,270 biologically derived organic matter and 975 00:41:15,210 --> 00:41:12,490 most of us on this team who are 976 00:41:18,630 --> 00:41:15,220 considered on the biology and also 977 00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:18,640 participate very heavily with with Steve 978 00:41:25,890 --> 00:41:22,510 and with George and understanding the 979 00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:25,900 properties and characteristics of 980 00:41:31,550 --> 00:41:28,770 organic matter in terms of isotopes and 981 00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:31,560 composition and how they look under 982 00:41:39,510 --> 00:41:36,130 microscopic methods so we begin the 983 00:41:44,220 --> 00:41:39,520 strict biology session by studying life 984 00:41:46,650 --> 00:41:44,230 life at extremes and for the third time 985 00:41:48,780 --> 00:41:46,660 we are working with our long-term 986 00:41:49,530 --> 00:41:48,790 colleague from the University of 987 00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:49,540 Washington 988 00:41:58,170 --> 00:41:52,210 who is John Burroughs probably everybody 989 00:42:01,140 --> 00:41:58,180 knows knows John and the the studies 990 00:42:03,900 --> 00:42:01,150 that he's particularly interested in in 991 00:42:06,620 --> 00:42:03,910 completing for this project are looking 992 00:42:09,890 --> 00:42:06,630 at in assessing the importance of 993 00:42:16,650 --> 00:42:09,900 hydrogen supported microbial biofilms 994 00:42:19,790 --> 00:42:16,660 John has been studying biofilms and 995 00:42:22,490 --> 00:42:19,800 looking at hydrogen growing 996 00:42:25,340 --> 00:42:22,500 microorganisms for a number of years and 997 00:42:27,990 --> 00:42:25,350 if you know John he always has some very 998 00:42:31,650 --> 00:42:28,000 interesting questions that that he'd 999 00:42:35,580 --> 00:42:31,660 like to answer and the main one he's 1000 00:42:37,290 --> 00:42:35,590 going to address in this proposal is you 1001 00:42:39,390 --> 00:42:37,300 can see on their wife biofilms are 1002 00:42:43,050 --> 00:42:39,400 important to the origin and evolution of 1003 00:42:47,160 --> 00:42:43,060 life and in this question here he's 1004 00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:47,170 thinking of looking at what he calls pre 1005 00:42:53,430 --> 00:42:50,110 cells and the Earth's earliest network 1006 00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:53,440 and at the moment he's very enamored in 1007 00:42:58,980 --> 00:42:55,810 stunning horizontal gene transfer the 1008 00:43:03,330 --> 00:42:58,990 transfer of genetic material from one 1009 00:43:06,060 --> 00:43:03,340 species to another species and as part 1010 00:43:10,290 --> 00:43:06,070 of this work there are two different 1011 00:43:13,050 --> 00:43:10,300 kinds of projects on here one is with a 1012 00:43:15,500 --> 00:43:13,060 new student Billy brazelton who is a 1013 00:43:18,390 --> 00:43:15,510 student at the University of Washington 1014 00:43:20,640 --> 00:43:18,400 who will be stunning the lost city 1015 00:43:25,410 --> 00:43:20,650 carbonate chimneys and we'll go into the 1016 00:43:27,690 --> 00:43:25,420 the differences there and a former 1017 00:43:30,570 --> 00:43:27,700 student mad shrink who was also a 1018 00:43:33,510 --> 00:43:30,580 postdoc at the at the geophysical lab 1019 00:43:37,110 --> 00:43:33,520 Heron is now a colleague at East 1020 00:43:39,470 --> 00:43:37,120 Carolina University Matt will be looking 1021 00:43:43,830 --> 00:43:39,480 at the comparative structures and 1022 00:43:47,370 --> 00:43:43,840 sulfide chimneys so if you look at the 1023 00:43:51,750 --> 00:43:47,380 at the next graphic that comes up here 1024 00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:51,760 and the very interesting comparison that 1025 00:43:59,350 --> 00:43:55,210 we see is between on the top panel over 1026 00:44:03,180 --> 00:43:59,360 there stunning hydrothermal vents in 1027 00:44:05,830 --> 00:44:03,190 magma hosted systems where the ph is low 1028 00:44:08,770 --> 00:44:05,840 temperatures are fairly high extremely 1029 00:44:11,620 --> 00:44:08,780 high of its F to 400 degrees there are 1030 00:44:14,710 --> 00:44:11,630 ample carbon sources catalytic minerals 1031 00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:14,720 and I would have to say that that sort 1032 00:44:19,630 --> 00:44:16,930 of environment is something that 1033 00:44:22,960 --> 00:44:19,640 together with the microbiologist 1034 00:44:26,230 --> 00:44:22,970 dovetails exactly that work with george 1035 00:44:29,560 --> 00:44:26,240 cody has done over the years george and 1036 00:44:32,320 --> 00:44:29,570 his colleagues down below on the on the 1037 00:44:36,070 --> 00:44:32,330 lower panel there is the work on the 1038 00:44:39,070 --> 00:44:36,080 pretty tight hosted hydrothermal systems 1039 00:44:42,580 --> 00:44:39,080 from the lost city and you can see their 1040 00:44:46,420 --> 00:44:42,590 temperatures or more moderate ph values 1041 00:44:49,750 --> 00:44:46,430 are very high this work dovetails with 1042 00:44:54,010 --> 00:44:49,760 some earlier work we did on the last can 1043 00:44:57,790 --> 00:44:54,020 at the Cedars microbial system out in 1044 00:45:01,540 --> 00:44:57,800 California with penny Morel and in 1045 00:45:03,340 --> 00:45:01,550 general what our goal here is to compare 1046 00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:03,350 the two different types of hydrothermal 1047 00:45:08,920 --> 00:45:06,910 systems and assess the different type of 1048 00:45:11,710 --> 00:45:08,930 microorganisms that are found in there 1049 00:45:13,870 --> 00:45:11,720 what you see on this next slide is it 1050 00:45:16,660 --> 00:45:13,880 something that on the upper right hand 1051 00:45:21,160 --> 00:45:16,670 corner over there there's a great 1052 00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:21,170 picture of it has John points out that 1053 00:45:26,680 --> 00:45:22,970 greater than eighty percent of those 1054 00:45:31,060 --> 00:45:26,690 cells or a single species misano sarsen 1055 00:45:33,460 --> 00:45:31,070 alleys and what John is being getting a 1056 00:45:37,770 --> 00:45:33,470 handle on here is that within the 1057 00:45:40,720 --> 00:45:37,780 biofilm there that individual cells are 1058 00:45:43,630 --> 00:45:40,730 conducting different and very 1059 00:45:45,850 --> 00:45:43,640 specifically segregated types of 1060 00:45:50,230 --> 00:45:45,860 metabolism showing the importance of a 1061 00:45:54,760 --> 00:45:50,240 biofilm rather than single cultures down 1062 00:45:58,690 --> 00:45:54,770 on the lower left-hand you see a diagram 1063 00:46:01,800 --> 00:45:58,700 of the number of operational taxonomic 1064 00:46:06,070 --> 00:46:01,810 units that's what OT use our and 1065 00:46:09,250 --> 00:46:06,080 basically on the one scale you can see 1066 00:46:11,050 --> 00:46:09,260 that the preponderance of organisms are 1067 00:46:11,849 --> 00:46:11,060 the one species but if you trace that 1068 00:46:14,789 --> 00:46:11,859 out 1069 00:46:17,999 --> 00:46:14,799 you can see that diversity and rare 1070 00:46:21,120 --> 00:46:18,009 cells are are something that is as a 1071 00:46:25,049 --> 00:46:21,130 feature of these of these kinds of 1072 00:46:27,210 --> 00:46:25,059 ecosystems and I think this side came 1073 00:46:33,210 --> 00:46:27,220 from also a collaboration with Julie 1074 00:46:36,089 --> 00:46:33,220 Huber who is now at MBL in what soul she 1075 00:46:39,479 --> 00:46:36,099 was a student supported by the NAI 1076 00:46:42,809 --> 00:46:39,489 during can one I believe and also an nai 1077 00:46:46,019 --> 00:46:42,819 postdoc throughout this time Matt shrink 1078 00:46:48,839 --> 00:46:46,029 is continuing to work on biofilms and 1079 00:46:51,890 --> 00:46:48,849 mineral catalytic systems what you can 1080 00:46:55,799 --> 00:46:51,900 see over here is he's going to compare 1081 00:47:00,059 --> 00:46:55,809 laboratory cultures with biofilms that 1082 00:47:02,630 --> 00:47:00,069 were formed Institute on on vents he's 1083 00:47:06,749 --> 00:47:02,640 been the last couple years doing 1084 00:47:08,999 --> 00:47:06,759 experiments and trying out novel culture 1085 00:47:11,819 --> 00:47:09,009 mechanisms as you know some of the 1086 00:47:16,229 --> 00:47:11,829 challenge in the microbiology field is 1087 00:47:19,370 --> 00:47:16,239 that you're only able to actually Colt a 1088 00:47:21,930 --> 00:47:19,380 culture I think it's less than 1% of the 1089 00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:21,940 organisms that potentially grow within 1090 00:47:28,319 --> 00:47:25,450 any one environment and this is some 1091 00:47:31,140 --> 00:47:28,329 work from volcano Sicily where he's 1092 00:47:34,799 --> 00:47:31,150 collaborating with Yan almond and other 1093 00:47:37,589 --> 00:47:34,809 scientists who are also part of Nai and 1094 00:47:40,829 --> 00:47:37,599 I should note that Matt is now at East 1095 00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:40,839 Carolina where our former astrobiology 1096 00:47:47,420 --> 00:47:43,210 Chief John Rummel is now the director of 1097 00:47:50,279 --> 00:47:47,430 that and we would imagine that this is a 1098 00:47:52,650 --> 00:47:50,289 school in which he hopes to attract a 1099 00:47:57,870 --> 00:47:52,660 lot of undergraduates to the field of 1100 00:48:03,170 --> 00:47:57,880 astrobiology the other kind of extreme 1101 00:48:07,440 --> 00:48:03,180 environments we're studying is the the 1102 00:48:10,859 --> 00:48:07,450 effect of pressure on on microbial 1103 00:48:12,720 --> 00:48:10,869 growth and you can see on the right hand 1104 00:48:14,849 --> 00:48:12,730 side there and the cells that were 1105 00:48:18,059 --> 00:48:14,859 subjected this is e coli that were 1106 00:48:21,509 --> 00:48:18,069 subjected to greater than a hundred mega 1107 00:48:23,430 --> 00:48:21,519 pascals of pressure probably going up to 1108 00:48:25,410 --> 00:48:23,440 well you can see up to four hundred mega 1109 00:48:28,200 --> 00:48:25,420 pascals here which is at the 1110 00:48:31,890 --> 00:48:28,210 bit of our hydro thermal reaction 1111 00:48:33,870 --> 00:48:31,900 vessels that we have here and what you 1112 00:48:37,799 --> 00:48:33,880 can see on the left-hand panel is that 1113 00:48:40,130 --> 00:48:37,809 while most of the e.coli is killed at 1114 00:48:43,559 --> 00:48:40,140 these extremely high pressures 1115 00:48:46,620 --> 00:48:43,569 experiments with halo bacterium a salt 1116 00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:46,630 loving bacteria by Adrian Kish who is a 1117 00:48:51,750 --> 00:48:49,930 new post doc here at the laboratory show 1118 00:48:55,410 --> 00:48:51,760 that as it put on they're not all 1119 00:48:58,230 --> 00:48:55,420 microorganisms alike adrian is working 1120 00:49:02,000 --> 00:48:58,240 on molecular biological methods for 1121 00:49:04,500 --> 00:49:02,010 determining what the the actual 1122 00:49:07,380 --> 00:49:04,510 biochemical underpinnings are for the 1123 00:49:10,049 --> 00:49:07,390 ability of Halo files to survive the 1124 00:49:13,380 --> 00:49:10,059 very high pressures and patrick griffin 1125 00:49:15,359 --> 00:49:13,390 who was possibly going to be a real 1126 00:49:17,970 --> 00:49:15,369 graduate student he's a half graduate 1127 00:49:20,789 --> 00:49:17,980 student right now at Johns Hopkins in 1128 00:49:23,010 --> 00:49:20,799 the fall is right now he's doing some 1129 00:49:27,390 --> 00:49:23,020 stable isotope experiments with the 1130 00:49:29,490 --> 00:49:27,400 hydrogen isotopes in my laboratory we 1131 00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:29,500 have a lot of fieldwork planned for this 1132 00:49:35,609 --> 00:49:33,130 team Adrian Kish microbiologist and 1133 00:49:38,730 --> 00:49:35,619 mahalo limoge Leo who is a also a 1134 00:49:41,190 --> 00:49:38,740 postdoc plan to go out to white sands 1135 00:49:45,630 --> 00:49:41,200 national monument where there is one of 1136 00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:45,640 the largest año en sulfate deposits out 1137 00:49:51,900 --> 00:49:48,010 there in terms of lake beds and 1138 00:49:55,200 --> 00:49:51,910 evaporites Adrian is the microbiologist 1139 00:49:58,049 --> 00:49:55,210 and mihaila as a budding microbiologist 1140 00:49:59,640 --> 00:49:58,059 geologist geochemists are going to go 1141 00:50:01,770 --> 00:49:59,650 out there together it's a very 1142 00:50:04,770 --> 00:50:01,780 interesting team they work with Andrew 1143 00:50:06,770 --> 00:50:04,780 Steele they're going to study the 1144 00:50:09,870 --> 00:50:06,780 geology put this in context with the 1145 00:50:14,220 --> 00:50:09,880 microbiology and bring back a number of 1146 00:50:17,760 --> 00:50:14,230 samples to work on both through a Mars 1147 00:50:21,390 --> 00:50:17,770 analog perspective and also of microbial 1148 00:50:23,490 --> 00:50:21,400 biogeochemistry some other work that has 1149 00:50:26,880 --> 00:50:23,500 been ongoing here in the laboratory is 1150 00:50:30,420 --> 00:50:26,890 the amazed expedition Arctic Mars analog 1151 00:50:32,849 --> 00:50:30,430 starboard expedition this is work I 1152 00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:32,859 chose this picture here you can see the 1153 00:50:39,180 --> 00:50:35,710 research vessel that we use and this was 1154 00:50:41,160 --> 00:50:39,190 up in the at 80 degrees north lat 1155 00:50:44,370 --> 00:50:41,170 to dance foul bird but this was probably 1156 00:50:47,520 --> 00:50:44,380 the most desolate region where I've ever 1157 00:50:51,990 --> 00:50:47,530 been and we have a team of people here 1158 00:50:54,210 --> 00:50:52,000 stunning life and ice determining that's 1159 00:50:57,599 --> 00:50:54,220 headed up by Jen I ghen broad who was 1160 00:51:00,230 --> 00:50:57,609 part of the Goddard team on this diagram 1161 00:51:03,809 --> 00:51:00,240 over here we're also studying how 1162 00:51:06,180 --> 00:51:03,819 microorganisms respond to cold 1163 00:51:09,930 --> 00:51:06,190 environments and environmental 1164 00:51:12,180 --> 00:51:09,940 parameters this is a graph that was it's 1165 00:51:14,250 --> 00:51:12,190 actually hand drawn by Vorenus turkey 1166 00:51:16,319 --> 00:51:14,260 who is a graduate student at the 1167 00:51:19,170 --> 00:51:16,329 University of Maryland working with 1168 00:51:21,780 --> 00:51:19,180 Andrew Steele and Frank Rob and what 1169 00:51:24,690 --> 00:51:21,790 she's studying here is a the most 1170 00:51:27,210 --> 00:51:24,700 northern hot spring that's found in a 1171 00:51:30,990 --> 00:51:27,220 terrestrial environment going from a 1172 00:51:33,900 --> 00:51:31,000 very a wet environment up here where the 1173 00:51:36,480 --> 00:51:33,910 spring is actually flowing to where it 1174 00:51:39,630 --> 00:51:36,490 dries out and eventually there's dry 1175 00:51:42,120 --> 00:51:39,640 terraces here which are cooler and drier 1176 00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:42,130 and of course the organisms are 1177 00:51:46,980 --> 00:51:44,710 immobilized in there and she's studying 1178 00:51:50,930 --> 00:51:46,990 the microbial diversity in here and how 1179 00:51:53,069 --> 00:51:50,940 the organisms adapt to cold dry 1180 00:51:56,190 --> 00:51:53,079 environments which is something you 1181 00:52:00,000 --> 00:51:56,200 would find on Mars now we're going to 1182 00:52:02,099 --> 00:52:00,010 switch from this to a Studies on bio 1183 00:52:06,720 --> 00:52:02,109 signatures we've been working on this 1184 00:52:09,750 --> 00:52:06,730 for a while this is a these are figures 1185 00:52:12,780 --> 00:52:09,760 of stratigraphic water columns on the 1186 00:52:16,620 --> 00:52:12,790 this is work by Dominic papineau and 1187 00:52:18,930 --> 00:52:16,630 colleagues and Dominic's has been going 1188 00:52:21,359 --> 00:52:18,940 around the i would say going around the 1189 00:52:24,120 --> 00:52:21,369 world collecting Precambrian rocks or 1190 00:52:27,870 --> 00:52:24,130 various types and something that he is 1191 00:52:30,359 --> 00:52:27,880 especially interested in is the linking 1192 00:52:34,470 --> 00:52:30,369 up the phosphorus cycle with the carbon 1193 00:52:37,940 --> 00:52:34,480 nitrogen and sulfur cycles so what is 1194 00:52:40,680 --> 00:52:37,950 depicted here are two different 1195 00:52:45,480 --> 00:52:40,690 scenarios of potential water columns on 1196 00:52:48,329 --> 00:52:45,490 the left is a scenario where phosphate 1197 00:52:51,120 --> 00:52:48,339 dominated dominated the ocean 1198 00:52:53,109 --> 00:52:51,130 environment and there are anoxic waters 1199 00:52:55,849 --> 00:52:53,119 that occurred 1200 00:52:59,089 --> 00:52:55,859 fairly high up in the water column even 1201 00:53:01,970 --> 00:52:59,099 extending into the euphotic zone where 1202 00:53:05,299 --> 00:53:01,980 there was a light whereas vs. on the 1203 00:53:08,390 --> 00:53:05,309 right-hand side of the diagram over here 1204 00:53:10,759 --> 00:53:08,400 this is an anon phosphate domain where 1205 00:53:14,120 --> 00:53:10,769 productivity is is still a high 1206 00:53:17,599 --> 00:53:14,130 productivity area but the anoxic 1207 00:53:20,480 --> 00:53:17,609 boundary zone is is much lower in the 1208 00:53:23,539 --> 00:53:20,490 water column and looking at the bio 1209 00:53:25,789 --> 00:53:23,549 signatures of nitrogen linking these 1210 00:53:30,319 --> 00:53:25,799 with sulfur and carbon asst is one of 1211 00:53:33,140 --> 00:53:30,329 Dominic's goals in this project we 1212 00:53:35,359 --> 00:53:33,150 dovetail very nicely with James Farquhar 1213 00:53:37,670 --> 00:53:35,369 James has been a collaborator with us 1214 00:53:41,390 --> 00:53:37,680 for the past five years and he's 1215 00:53:45,140 --> 00:53:41,400 continuing he's probably best known for 1216 00:53:48,640 --> 00:53:45,150 his discovery of mass independent 1217 00:53:53,559 --> 00:53:48,650 isotope fractionation of sulfur isotopes 1218 00:53:57,499 --> 00:53:53,569 he has been studying with his students 1219 00:54:00,200 --> 00:53:57,509 particularly Dave Johnson who is now up 1220 00:54:02,499 --> 00:54:00,210 at Harvard so he's created a Harvard 1221 00:54:06,140 --> 00:54:02,509 professor which i think is pretty good 1222 00:54:10,519 --> 00:54:06,150 mass dependent fractionations and what 1223 00:54:14,359 --> 00:54:10,529 he proposes to do in this particular can 1224 00:54:17,809 --> 00:54:14,369 is to study the small mass dependent 1225 00:54:21,950 --> 00:54:17,819 fractionations that have been catalyzed 1226 00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:21,960 with particular cultured microorganisms 1227 00:54:26,900 --> 00:54:23,970 so he's going to do a lot of culture 1228 00:54:30,589 --> 00:54:26,910 work from that I third bio signature 1229 00:54:34,130 --> 00:54:30,599 study is being carried out also by 1230 00:54:37,309 --> 00:54:34,140 Dominic papineau in collaboration with 1231 00:54:40,490 --> 00:54:37,319 Brad DiGregorio and Rhonda Stroud who at 1232 00:54:44,269 --> 00:54:40,500 the Naval Research Lab jinhua Wong who 1233 00:54:46,910 --> 00:54:44,279 was our net one of our nano Sims people 1234 00:54:49,400 --> 00:54:46,920 here myself and and George Cody and 1235 00:54:52,039 --> 00:54:49,410 Andrew Steele and what you see on here 1236 00:54:54,980 --> 00:54:52,049 is a number of tiles that Dominic likes 1237 00:55:00,099 --> 00:54:54,990 to show tiles over here and he's 1238 00:55:04,309 --> 00:55:00,109 studying the these are the Aquila rocks 1239 00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:04,319 QP rocks from Greenland they are about 1240 00:55:08,329 --> 00:55:05,910 3.8 billion 1241 00:55:12,250 --> 00:55:08,339 years old and the origin of the carbon 1242 00:55:16,160 --> 00:55:12,260 which is can be seen in here as as a 1243 00:55:18,559 --> 00:55:16,170 graphite right here and here also in 1244 00:55:20,930 --> 00:55:18,569 here and here these are Rahman scans 1245 00:55:24,529 --> 00:55:20,940 over here looking at the various types 1246 00:55:28,490 --> 00:55:24,539 of carbon and Dominic who is also funded 1247 00:55:33,109 --> 00:55:28,500 by an EXO biology proposal is studying 1248 00:55:35,779 --> 00:55:33,119 these graphite bands inclusions the non 1249 00:55:39,380 --> 00:55:35,789 inclusions their coatings and vaginae 1250 00:55:43,670 --> 00:55:39,390 shins they're found in a variety of 1251 00:55:45,890 --> 00:55:43,680 different places within this rock and 1252 00:55:49,240 --> 00:55:45,900 he's testing the hypothesis as to 1253 00:55:53,440 --> 00:55:49,250 whether or not this carbon may have 1254 00:55:56,450 --> 00:55:53,450 originated through biological processes 1255 00:55:58,609 --> 00:55:56,460 the work is controversial people argue 1256 00:56:01,220 --> 00:55:58,619 about the type of the rock was it 1257 00:56:03,890 --> 00:56:01,230 sedimentary I think people have decided 1258 00:56:06,410 --> 00:56:03,900 on that it's very highly metamorphosed 1259 00:56:08,870 --> 00:56:06,420 and he is having to deal with the fact 1260 00:56:11,329 --> 00:56:08,880 that he's looking at organic carbon 1261 00:56:14,960 --> 00:56:11,339 that's highly metamorphose and in fact 1262 00:56:16,910 --> 00:56:14,970 there are very few examples almost none 1263 00:56:19,819 --> 00:56:16,920 I would say and if we have them it would 1264 00:56:21,769 --> 00:56:19,829 be work of Andrew steals looking at 1265 00:56:25,059 --> 00:56:21,779 similar mechanisms as to what has 1266 00:56:27,859 --> 00:56:25,069 happened to during metamorphism of 1267 00:56:30,680 --> 00:56:27,869 non-biologically formed complex organic 1268 00:56:34,819 --> 00:56:30,690 matter so Dominic has his work cut out 1269 00:56:36,529 --> 00:56:34,829 for him and he proceeds to use the lot 1270 00:56:40,579 --> 00:56:36,539 of the equipment that we have here and 1271 00:56:45,079 --> 00:56:40,589 that the Naval Research Lab going off to 1272 00:56:50,359 --> 00:56:45,089 the side over here who Bob Hazen who has 1273 00:56:53,690 --> 00:56:50,369 just recently published a quite a large 1274 00:56:57,500 --> 00:56:53,700 review paper on mineral evolution it's 1275 00:56:59,809 --> 00:56:57,510 it's highlighted on our website and you 1276 00:57:02,900 --> 00:56:59,819 can see from this diagram over here that 1277 00:57:05,510 --> 00:57:02,910 it's his hypothesis that when life 1278 00:57:09,220 --> 00:57:05,520 evolves on a planet the number of 1279 00:57:12,200 --> 00:57:09,230 mineral species increases dramatically 1280 00:57:15,289 --> 00:57:12,210 we know what's on earth and he has on 1281 00:57:19,849 --> 00:57:15,299 the lower right-hand panel greater than 1282 00:57:23,059 --> 00:57:19,859 4,300 mineral species shortly 1283 00:57:25,130 --> 00:57:23,069 an MSL actually flies it will host 1284 00:57:27,380 --> 00:57:25,140 chemin which is going to be able to do a 1285 00:57:31,299 --> 00:57:27,390 bang-up job of the mineralogy on there 1286 00:57:34,519 --> 00:57:31,309 at the moment we he's estimated about 1287 00:57:37,729 --> 00:57:34,529 5,000 let me excuse me 500 mineral 1288 00:57:40,099 --> 00:57:37,739 species have been found on Mars I'm not 1289 00:57:43,249 --> 00:57:40,109 exactly sure where the Venus number came 1290 00:57:45,349 --> 00:57:43,259 from but this obviously is known for the 1291 00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:45,359 moon from the rocks that we have in hand 1292 00:57:51,229 --> 00:57:49,410 and we we thought about this one and I 1293 00:57:54,890 --> 00:57:51,239 think it's really something that's 1294 00:57:58,370 --> 00:57:54,900 interesting as we send things out in 1295 00:58:00,109 --> 00:57:58,380 space and fly and get data back as to 1296 00:58:03,319 --> 00:58:00,119 whether or not we have a bio signature 1297 00:58:07,120 --> 00:58:03,329 involved on their nearing the end of 1298 00:58:10,009 --> 00:58:07,130 this we're actively involved in testing 1299 00:58:12,529 --> 00:58:10,019 instruments that are a couple of them 1300 00:58:16,269 --> 00:58:12,539 that will be flying on MSL through an a 1301 00:58:19,269 --> 00:58:16,279 step program Andrew Steele is the 1302 00:58:24,470 --> 00:58:19,279 principal investigator on this program 1303 00:58:26,660 --> 00:58:24,480 many of our I go on this field work all 1304 00:58:30,019 --> 00:58:26,670 the time and many of our students and 1305 00:58:33,380 --> 00:58:30,029 postdocs attend these what I have on 1306 00:58:36,769 --> 00:58:33,390 this slide is showing the JPL's cliff 1307 00:58:39,410 --> 00:58:36,779 bot rover over here and we as a 1308 00:58:42,920 --> 00:58:39,420 scientific group have learned to do 1309 00:58:46,220 --> 00:58:42,930 science with a rover we also have Steve 1310 00:58:49,059 --> 00:58:46,230 Squyres it was the p.i on on the Emmy 1311 00:58:52,249 --> 00:58:49,069 our Rovers is also a part of this team 1312 00:58:55,009 --> 00:58:52,259 the ability of astrobiologists to work 1313 00:58:58,460 --> 00:58:55,019 with the likes of steve squyres has been 1314 00:59:01,039 --> 00:58:58,470 very instructive to us and how we can 1315 00:59:02,660 --> 00:59:01,049 design technology on earthen and think 1316 00:59:04,880 --> 00:59:02,670 that it's perfect and we know everything 1317 00:59:07,220 --> 00:59:04,890 about that and then you take this off 1318 00:59:10,309 --> 00:59:07,230 and you try and get a rover to do what 1319 00:59:13,220 --> 00:59:10,319 you could do normally is definitely a 1320 00:59:16,489 --> 00:59:13,230 challenge and now what I have on this 1321 00:59:19,640 --> 00:59:16,499 final slide that's coming up is just 1322 00:59:22,519 --> 00:59:19,650 showing how where we are in in this 1323 00:59:25,660 --> 00:59:22,529 whole procedure and that is actually 1324 00:59:27,890 --> 00:59:25,670 taking a rover and integrating this with 1325 00:59:30,430 --> 00:59:27,900 instruments which turns out to be a very 1326 00:59:33,599 --> 00:59:30,440 hard thing first you have to have the 1327 00:59:34,950 --> 00:59:33,609 intellectual integration of 1328 00:59:37,440 --> 00:59:34,960 not being able to just pick up the 1329 00:59:39,900 --> 00:59:37,450 sample but then and then you have field 1330 00:59:42,450 --> 00:59:39,910 testing of instruments and are they cold 1331 00:59:44,279 --> 00:59:42,460 ready can they work under harsh 1332 00:59:46,589 --> 00:59:44,289 conditions we've made it through that 1333 00:59:48,890 --> 00:59:46,599 step and now we're integrating things 1334 00:59:51,599 --> 00:59:48,900 with the rover and in the next come 1335 00:59:54,509 --> 00:59:51,609 three years going to take out a more 1336 00:59:58,799 --> 00:59:54,519 substantial Rover we're working with the 1337 01:00:01,559 --> 00:59:58,809 pan Conrad at the JPL on native 1338 01:00:04,319 --> 01:00:01,569 fluorescent fluorescence instruments 1339 01:00:06,890 --> 01:00:04,329 with the sam team that's a sample 1340 01:00:10,259 --> 01:00:06,900 analysis of Mars Paul Mahaffy who's p I 1341 01:00:12,950 --> 01:00:10,269 is working with us and Jen I ghen road 1342 01:00:16,170 --> 01:00:12,960 also from Goddard so this is in ER team 1343 01:00:19,650 --> 01:00:16,180 collaborations and finally Dave Blake 1344 01:00:22,170 --> 01:00:19,660 who is who is the p.i of chemin comes 1345 01:00:25,140 --> 01:00:22,180 along with us up to Svalbard on the on 1346 01:00:40,880 --> 01:00:25,150 the Amaze expeditions so that wraps up 1347 01:00:44,819 --> 01:00:40,890 the biology version alright alright so 1348 01:00:46,410 --> 01:00:44,829 this last slide is is always a dangerous 1349 01:00:48,059 --> 01:00:46,420 slide as Dante Lauretta just told me 1350 01:00:50,970 --> 01:00:48,069 about three days ago the NRC that 1351 01:00:52,890 --> 01:00:50,980 graphology is always a subject to less 1352 01:00:54,930 --> 01:00:52,900 interpretation but what I'm trying to 1353 01:00:56,789 --> 01:00:54,940 show in this slide is that in fact we 1354 01:00:58,620 --> 01:00:56,799 have a very interdisciplinary team and 1355 01:01:00,960 --> 01:00:58,630 overall we have a very very 1356 01:01:04,049 --> 01:01:00,970 well-balanced team so if you think of 1357 01:01:05,640 --> 01:01:04,059 text 12 is being astronomy related with 1358 01:01:08,069 --> 01:01:05,650 a lot of crossover from people like 1359 01:01:10,309 --> 01:01:08,079 myself working with people like Alicia 1360 01:01:14,519 --> 01:01:10,319 you'll find that it breaks out to about 1361 01:01:17,400 --> 01:01:14,529 12 12 and 12 and this is actually a very 1362 01:01:20,009 --> 01:01:17,410 very very conservative graph in fact 1363 01:01:22,410 --> 01:01:20,019 I've missed deletion pass to so it's 1364 01:01:24,059 --> 01:01:22,420 just we get called to go a little faster 1365 01:01:25,799 --> 01:01:24,069 but if I were actually to bake cross 1366 01:01:27,180 --> 01:01:25,809 links to where people's interests are 1367 01:01:29,249 --> 01:01:27,190 and where there are discussions lead us 1368 01:01:34,019 --> 01:01:29,259 who would in fact almost be a full field 1369 01:01:35,789 --> 01:01:34,029 so that's that and the last thing you 1370 01:01:40,259 --> 01:01:35,799 may not be able to see because I can't 1371 01:01:41,670 --> 01:01:40,269 see it is the majority of the funding is 1372 01:01:44,579 --> 01:01:41,680 directed towards the sport of past 1373 01:01:45,580 --> 01:01:44,589 postdoctoral scientists at ciw and other 1374 01:01:47,830 --> 01:01:45,590 institutes 1375 01:01:49,780 --> 01:01:47,840 so so much of what you see is the 1376 01:01:51,610 --> 01:01:49,790 science that we do and what our grant is 1377 01:01:54,730 --> 01:01:51,620 is actually the funding is directed 1378 01:01:57,250 --> 01:01:54,740 towards the sport of young people who we 1379 01:02:00,400 --> 01:01:57,260 had dreamt Remender success throughout 1380 01:02:02,220 --> 01:02:00,410 the years and I don't know if you can 1381 01:02:05,470 --> 01:02:02,230 see this anymore so I'll conclude there 1382 01:02:07,780 --> 01:02:05,480 you can see it you can see it okay we 1383 01:02:10,390 --> 01:02:07,790 can't see all right well it was up here 1384 01:02:11,650 --> 01:02:10,400 so that's the essence of it I guess I 1385 01:02:13,210 --> 01:02:11,660 would just say that you know match rank 1386 01:02:15,970 --> 01:02:13,220 is a classic example Julie Hoover's 1387 01:02:18,340 --> 01:02:15,980 another Matt Matt we funded and can run 1388 01:02:21,580 --> 01:02:18,350 as a student John Barrow says he was an 1389 01:02:25,750 --> 01:02:21,590 nei NRC postdoc in cam 3 and now he's a 1390 01:02:27,730 --> 01:02:25,760 co I in cam 5 and the number of 1391 01:02:29,140 --> 01:02:27,740 postdoctoral associates that we've been 1392 01:02:31,750 --> 01:02:29,150 able to support through this has been 1393 01:02:33,610 --> 01:02:31,760 spectacular and they're now across the 1394 01:02:35,350 --> 01:02:33,620 country in many many major institutions 1395 01:02:37,540 --> 01:02:35,360 Dave Johnson was supported through our 1396 01:02:39,640 --> 01:02:37,550 any I can three it's now a young faculty 1397 01:02:42,340 --> 01:02:39,650 member at Harvard so what you're seeing 1398 01:02:44,320 --> 01:02:42,350 in terms of what the proposal looks like 1399 01:02:47,650 --> 01:02:44,330 Anna budgetary sense is actually a very 1400 01:02:49,360 --> 01:02:47,660 strong educational component and we 1401 01:02:52,180 --> 01:02:49,370 serve as mentorship in a broad array of 1402 01:02:53,530 --> 01:02:52,190 astrobiological problems so I'll stop 1403 01:02:58,930 --> 01:02:53,540 there do you have any questions you have 1404 01:03:00,610 --> 01:02:58,940 to okay George and and all the rest of 1405 01:03:03,010 --> 01:03:00,620 the speakers thank you very much i think 1406 01:03:04,630 --> 01:03:03,020 this worked out extraordinarily well you 1407 01:03:07,630 --> 01:03:04,640 guys did a fabulous job putting this 1408 01:03:11,050 --> 01:03:07,640 together we do have some time for 1409 01:03:15,430 --> 01:03:11,060 questions but i would encourage you all 1410 01:03:17,680 --> 01:03:15,440 to communicate with the investigators on 1411 01:03:20,260 --> 01:03:17,690 the carnegie team by email etc as you 1412 01:03:22,510 --> 01:03:20,270 know the purpose of these seminars is to 1413 01:03:26,050 --> 01:03:22,520 enable collaboration and integration 1414 01:03:28,690 --> 01:03:26,060 across the Institute and so feel free to 1415 01:03:30,190 --> 01:03:28,700 email the Carnegie investigators and 1416 01:03:32,620 --> 01:03:30,200 their colleagues and everybody who's 1417 01:03:35,740 --> 01:03:32,630 either been speaking today or whose work 1418 01:03:37,780 --> 01:03:35,750 has been described and we encourage all 1419 01:03:39,190 --> 01:03:37,790 the interactions possible and right now 1420 01:03:43,060 --> 01:03:39,200 we'll throw it open for some 1421 01:03:44,950 --> 01:03:43,070 interactions in QA you can either raise 1422 01:03:55,410 --> 01:03:44,960 your hand in WebEx and Marco will call 1423 01:04:03,270 --> 01:04:01,829 we have any hands raised if anybody has 1424 01:04:05,520 --> 01:04:03,280 a question why don't you just open up 1425 01:04:12,059 --> 01:04:05,530 your mic and ask and then we'll call on 1426 01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:12,069 the others by WebEx and if you don't 1427 01:04:17,599 --> 01:04:15,910 have a question that's okay too oh it's 1428 01:04:21,240 --> 01:04:17,609 not we'd like to demonstrate 1429 01:04:23,490 --> 01:04:21,250 interactivity and be George okay Carl 1430 01:04:32,910 --> 01:04:23,500 all right we'll sit here until somebody 1431 01:04:36,450 --> 01:04:32,920 asks a question somebody asked don't be 1432 01:04:40,020 --> 01:04:36,460 shy okay Lauren has a question Georgia 1433 01:04:42,720 --> 01:04:40,030 Tech I'm trying to figure out how to get 1434 01:04:46,289 --> 01:04:42,730 my cat am I on you can you hear me I can 1435 01:04:48,210 --> 01:04:46,299 hear you you can hear me okay I want to 1436 01:04:53,940 --> 01:04:48,220 ask George about his little nodules as 1437 01:04:56,309 --> 01:04:53,950 organic nodules south and asked if he 1438 01:04:58,950 --> 01:04:56,319 have figured out the molecular weight of 1439 01:05:02,099 --> 01:04:58,960 these polymers and if he's tried to do 1440 01:05:04,440 --> 01:05:02,109 math spectrometry of their you know of 1441 01:05:06,359 --> 01:05:04,450 their fragment them and that sort of 1442 01:05:10,650 --> 01:05:06,369 thing I was a very facility parliament 1443 01:05:12,930 --> 01:05:10,660 yo we are to it like we've only just 1444 01:05:15,900 --> 01:05:12,940 literally these things are fresh off the 1445 01:05:17,910 --> 01:05:15,910 press we we just discovered that a lot 1446 01:05:21,059 --> 01:05:17,920 of what 4-valve hi I mean this is it 1447 01:05:22,859 --> 01:05:21,069 others have known and and this is why we 1448 01:05:25,620 --> 01:05:22,869 were terribly surprised to explore this 1449 01:05:28,339 --> 01:05:25,630 formaldehyde question but but precisely 1450 01:05:31,020 --> 01:05:28,349 what controls the the nano scale 1451 01:05:33,480 --> 01:05:31,030 formation of these little spheres is not 1452 01:05:35,789 --> 01:05:33,490 known and I've had an opportunity to the 1453 01:05:38,250 --> 01:05:35,799 canopy you want to tell about the 1454 01:05:41,400 --> 01:05:38,260 chemistry the chemistry i think i assume 1455 01:05:43,770 --> 01:05:41,410 quite well if i were to give it in a 1456 01:05:45,030 --> 01:05:43,780 series of steps what would your looking 1457 01:05:47,089 --> 01:05:45,040 at is there are four most type 1458 01:05:49,740 --> 01:05:47,099 condensations progress of elimination 1459 01:05:53,309 --> 01:05:49,750 reactions all in sort of a very random 1460 01:05:55,620 --> 01:05:53,319 sort of system to Tom oars ations a 1461 01:05:57,240 --> 01:05:55,630 midori rearrangements but the key seems 1462 01:05:59,010 --> 01:05:57,250 to be diels-alder cycloaddition 1463 01:06:00,510 --> 01:05:59,020 reactions it starts allowed to build up 1464 01:06:01,859 --> 01:06:00,520 a three-dimensional react at three 1465 01:06:04,440 --> 01:06:01,869 dimensional network so they they're 1466 01:06:06,390 --> 01:06:04,450 completely insoluble so they're not very 1467 01:06:08,550 --> 01:06:06,400 amenable to mass spectrometry so now it 1468 01:06:10,290 --> 01:06:08,560 is ironically to study them further 1469 01:06:13,590 --> 01:06:10,300 we have to find neck ways of now taking 1470 01:06:24,750 --> 01:06:13,600 them apart in a systematic way so that's 1471 01:06:26,790 --> 01:06:24,760 what we're doing there are no more hands 1472 01:06:31,830 --> 01:06:26,800 raised in webex bible you have a 1473 01:06:33,900 --> 01:06:31,840 question yep that's why you're like I 1474 01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:33,910 just had a question the follow-up on 1475 01:06:38,520 --> 01:06:36,610 George's comment I've been sitting here 1476 01:06:41,310 --> 01:06:38,530 thinking about these hollow spheres 1477 01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:41,320 myself and wondering how the heck to get 1478 01:06:48,080 --> 01:06:44,610 a hollow structure and something as 1479 01:06:51,810 --> 01:06:48,090 processed as meteoritic material and 1480 01:06:57,390 --> 01:06:51,820 particular if it was preceded by some 1481 01:07:00,150 --> 01:06:57,400 icy body or was a icy matrix what kind 1482 01:07:03,480 --> 01:07:00,160 of a sequence with lead from that I see 1483 01:07:09,120 --> 01:07:03,490 matrix towards a matrix that had hollow 1484 01:07:11,100 --> 01:07:09,130 spherical inclusions I could give you my 1485 01:07:14,420 --> 01:07:11,110 opinion but maybe Larry what's a giant 1486 01:07:17,010 --> 01:07:14,430 let's hear Joyce's well it we don't know 1487 01:07:19,230 --> 01:07:17,020 obviously that that fit image the 1488 01:07:22,290 --> 01:07:19,240 beautiful folks I'm beam section that 1489 01:07:24,480 --> 01:07:22,300 Rhonda Stroud made and that we've 1490 01:07:27,120 --> 01:07:24,490 analyzed six different ways to Sunday as 1491 01:07:29,640 --> 01:07:27,130 they say caught us all by surprise she 1492 01:07:31,140 --> 01:07:29,650 just did a random section through an 1493 01:07:32,880 --> 01:07:31,150 ordinary chondrite and there in the 1494 01:07:34,440 --> 01:07:32,890 center was this little organic doughnut 1495 01:07:36,540 --> 01:07:34,450 as you observe it of course it's a 1496 01:07:38,040 --> 01:07:36,550 hollow sphere so it begs the question 1497 01:07:39,810 --> 01:07:38,050 wet weather was always hollow whether 1498 01:07:42,270 --> 01:07:39,820 there was a fluid that once was in the 1499 01:07:45,630 --> 01:07:42,280 core of this material but the shape of 1500 01:07:47,280 --> 01:07:45,640 the thing and the fact that no cake oh 1501 01:07:49,440 --> 01:07:47,290 and nakamura Messenger has been studies 1502 01:07:51,090 --> 01:07:49,450 quite a bit and the high-resolution you 1503 01:07:54,210 --> 01:07:51,100 almost start seeking chrétien airy 1504 01:07:56,030 --> 01:07:54,220 features so so my tendency is to look at 1505 01:07:58,950 --> 01:07:56,040 these and think they scream out as 1506 01:08:00,360 --> 01:07:58,960 products of aqueous processing but then 1507 01:08:01,800 --> 01:08:00,370 Larry knit ler who doesn't want to talk 1508 01:08:03,930 --> 01:08:01,810 about this right now could tell you 1509 01:08:05,820 --> 01:08:03,940 something about the isotopes which say 1510 01:08:10,050 --> 01:08:05,830 that may perhaps a very different story 1511 01:08:11,910 --> 01:08:10,060 well I I guess what huh yeah Larry's my 1512 01:08:14,610 --> 01:08:11,920 tecno I'm somewhere in there I guess uh 1513 01:08:17,370 --> 01:08:14,620 Harrigan oh um what we're finding with 1514 01:08:19,289 --> 01:08:17,380 these is one they're very diverse set of 1515 01:08:21,459 --> 01:08:19,299 things that they're not all hollow some 1516 01:08:24,269 --> 01:08:21,469 of them are solid 1517 01:08:26,859 --> 01:08:24,279 work by lawrence Garvey at Arizona State 1518 01:08:28,689 --> 01:08:26,869 doing fibbing of these things is showing 1519 01:08:30,249 --> 01:08:28,699 that some have multiple little holes 1520 01:08:32,649 --> 01:08:30,259 within them they're not just necessarily 1521 01:08:34,870 --> 01:08:32,659 single hollow things but many of them 1522 01:08:38,349 --> 01:08:34,880 are where we're starting to get good 1523 01:08:41,379 --> 01:08:38,359 chemical data carbon x-ray edge 1524 01:08:42,729 --> 01:08:41,389 spectroscopy on many of these globules 1525 01:08:46,660 --> 01:08:42,739 to compare with the surrounding material 1526 01:08:48,099 --> 01:08:46,670 in the IOM and in any given meteorite 1527 01:08:51,219 --> 01:08:48,109 they seem to bear a lot of chemical 1528 01:08:53,349 --> 01:08:51,229 similarities to the general IOM of that 1529 01:08:54,729 --> 01:08:53,359 meteorite they're not all one population 1530 01:08:56,289 --> 01:08:54,739 that's mixed in with the different 1531 01:08:57,849 --> 01:08:56,299 meteorites that they're processing seems 1532 01:09:00,189 --> 01:08:57,859 to be related to the overall processing 1533 01:09:02,439 --> 01:09:00,199 of the meteorites and they're typically 1534 01:09:03,999 --> 01:09:02,449 isotopically quite anomalous relative to 1535 01:09:05,739 --> 01:09:04,009 the other organic matter even though 1536 01:09:07,539 --> 01:09:05,749 they're chemically similar they are 1537 01:09:10,989 --> 01:09:07,549 typically more enriched in deuterium in 1538 01:09:13,450 --> 01:09:10,999 nitrogen 15 and all of this has to go 1539 01:09:16,660 --> 01:09:13,460 into finding an explanation for them we 1540 01:09:18,849 --> 01:09:16,670 don't have such an explanation yet but I 1541 01:09:21,279 --> 01:09:18,859 assume they they constitute a tiny 1542 01:09:25,870 --> 01:09:21,289 fraction with total organic material 1543 01:09:27,370 --> 01:09:25,880 where I am they actually I don't know 1544 01:09:28,930 --> 01:09:27,380 about dominant in that this is an 1545 01:09:31,329 --> 01:09:28,940 extremely important question but they're 1546 01:09:33,430 --> 01:09:31,339 it's a non-trivial amount especially in 1547 01:09:36,640 --> 01:09:33,440 a couple of the meteorites like Tagish 1548 01:09:39,399 --> 01:09:36,650 Lake and bells which is an unusual cm 1549 01:09:41,200 --> 01:09:39,409 chondrite both of them it's a major 1550 01:09:43,839 --> 01:09:41,210 fraction of the IOM is made of this 1551 01:09:45,669 --> 01:09:43,849 these little globules i would say that 1552 01:09:47,919 --> 01:09:45,679 Rhonda sectioned randomly through an 1553 01:09:50,289 --> 01:09:47,929 ordinary chondrite and picked up one 1554 01:09:52,089 --> 01:09:50,299 just like that so that's the same one 1555 01:09:53,349 --> 01:09:52,099 sample that still the statistics must 1556 01:09:55,589 --> 01:09:53,359 tell you there's paramount in there 1557 01:09:57,969 --> 01:09:55,599 though is it is it correct dundas to 1558 01:10:01,330 --> 01:09:57,979 categorize this as saying that the most 1559 01:10:06,239 --> 01:10:01,340 primitive cometary material it has the 1560 01:10:09,399 --> 01:10:06,249 highest fraction of these menos girls 1561 01:10:12,160 --> 01:10:09,409 that we don't know we have found two of 1562 01:10:15,129 --> 01:10:12,170 these nano sterols in the star death in 1563 01:10:18,669 --> 01:10:15,139 the commentary build two samples how was 1564 01:10:21,640 --> 01:10:18,679 edited huh oh but don't you regard 1565 01:10:26,290 --> 01:10:21,650 targus lake is cometary material or 1566 01:10:27,759 --> 01:10:26,300 closed out of it well I don't know of 1567 01:10:31,839 --> 01:10:27,769 any evidence that would Lake Tagish Lake 1568 01:10:32,890 --> 01:10:31,849 to a comment but certainly is far more 1569 01:10:36,939 --> 01:10:32,900 primitive than most 1570 01:10:39,550 --> 01:10:36,949 other see I see no it's actually more 1571 01:10:40,990 --> 01:10:39,560 process than some of the other some of 1572 01:10:43,180 --> 01:10:41,000 the other carbonaceous chondrites it's 1573 01:10:44,830 --> 01:10:43,190 very primitive in some respects but it's 1574 01:10:47,530 --> 01:10:44,840 organics are actually somewhat processed 1575 01:10:49,020 --> 01:10:47,540 relative to those in other meteorites we 1576 01:10:55,570 --> 01:10:49,030 should have you come a bit of a seminar 1577 01:10:58,570 --> 01:10:55,580 be happy to good the Chris did you have 1578 01:11:01,750 --> 01:10:58,580 a question yeah we had two questions 1579 01:11:05,080 --> 01:11:01,760 first staying on the organic matter 1580 01:11:09,250 --> 01:11:05,090 question from Larry we were curious 1581 01:11:11,140 --> 01:11:09,260 about how often the deuterium and 15 hot 1582 01:11:12,640 --> 01:11:11,150 spots are correlated versus 1583 01:11:14,979 --> 01:11:12,650 non-correlated looked like sometimes 1584 01:11:21,220 --> 01:11:14,989 they then 15 in the Tyrian is the same 1585 01:11:23,560 --> 01:11:21,230 spot sometimes it's not um yes no it's a 1586 01:11:26,080 --> 01:11:23,570 good question I don't have a way to 1587 01:11:28,510 --> 01:11:26,090 quantitatively answer that in simple 1588 01:11:29,979 --> 01:11:28,520 sentences I what I would say is a lot we 1589 01:11:32,080 --> 01:11:29,989 see correlations and we see anti 1590 01:11:35,140 --> 01:11:32,090 correlations in in this material that 1591 01:11:36,610 --> 01:11:35,150 some sub materials have both some have 1592 01:11:41,350 --> 01:11:36,620 one some have the other and there's no 1593 01:11:44,410 --> 01:11:41,360 simple simple correlation I her second 1594 01:11:46,540 --> 01:11:44,420 I'll start going go go ahead okay our 1595 01:11:48,130 --> 01:11:46,550 second question actually is about meth 1596 01:11:50,649 --> 01:11:48,140 addicts are son so I'm not Ali's 1597 01:11:53,229 --> 01:11:50,659 analysis so Barris isn't around it may 1598 01:11:55,169 --> 01:11:53,239 not be answerable but um we were curious 1599 01:11:58,750 --> 01:11:55,179 that the slide set ninety percent 1600 01:12:01,149 --> 01:11:58,760 similar to Montana star sign Ace species 1601 01:12:02,830 --> 01:12:01,159 and we're wondering how how much that 1602 01:12:04,450 --> 01:12:02,840 would drop off if you went to the 1603 01:12:07,120 --> 01:12:04,460 ninety-five percent level or something 1604 01:12:10,750 --> 01:12:07,130 because that's a pretty much I think it 1605 01:12:12,880 --> 01:12:10,760 was eighty percent wasn't it that's uh I 1606 01:12:16,689 --> 01:12:12,890 thought it was a date it was 800 were 1607 01:12:18,610 --> 01:12:16,699 within ninety percent of 800 clones were 1608 01:12:19,810 --> 01:12:18,620 with the ninety percent 800 sequences 1609 01:12:29,710 --> 01:12:19,820 were with ninety percent or something 1610 01:12:33,310 --> 01:12:29,720 like that sorry here we go 800 species 1611 01:12:34,810 --> 01:12:33,320 oh okay those are the otiose I wouldn't 1612 01:12:37,390 --> 01:12:34,820 know the answer to that you'd have to 1613 01:12:39,940 --> 01:12:37,400 but you can email john burroughs that 1614 01:12:46,200 --> 01:12:39,950 would be a great idea or Julie Hubert 1615 01:12:51,160 --> 01:12:49,330 hi this is Sean McLennon at Montana 1616 01:12:53,380 --> 01:12:51,170 State I've got a question concerning a 1617 01:12:55,780 --> 01:12:53,390 Robert Hazen's work and the idea of the 1618 01:12:57,460 --> 01:12:55,790 mineral evolution and I was just one I'm 1619 01:12:58,990 --> 01:12:57,470 curious about you know the claw 1620 01:13:02,800 --> 01:12:59,000 different planets and DIF different 1621 01:13:04,990 --> 01:13:02,810 atmospheric composition on those is what 1622 01:13:07,300 --> 01:13:05,000 we see I think there were forty three 1623 01:13:08,680 --> 01:13:07,310 hundred different mineral species on the 1624 01:13:11,560 --> 01:13:08,690 earth to that is that really just a side 1625 01:13:13,540 --> 01:13:11,570 effect of oxygenation or is there 1626 01:13:16,510 --> 01:13:13,550 something else going on no it's very 1627 01:13:18,520 --> 01:13:16,520 much I I can't I can't Bob's not here so 1628 01:13:21,400 --> 01:13:18,530 I'll try to answer for you is it yes see 1629 01:13:23,590 --> 01:13:21,410 if if you go into his paper he would 1630 01:13:26,350 --> 01:13:23,600 argue that that coming through the great 1631 01:13:28,360 --> 01:13:26,360 oxygenation event led to of course a 1632 01:13:29,830 --> 01:13:28,370 very broad distribution of highly 1633 01:13:32,230 --> 01:13:29,840 oxygenated species of wouldn't exist 1634 01:13:34,180 --> 01:13:32,240 prior to that so it also changes the 1635 01:13:36,160 --> 01:13:34,190 weathering characteristics of the 1636 01:13:37,900 --> 01:13:36,170 countenance of I got the right so one 1637 01:13:39,610 --> 01:13:37,910 could reasonably assume that the changes 1638 01:13:40,990 --> 01:13:39,620 of made if you know of course of that 1639 01:13:44,380 --> 01:13:41,000 Miss fear chemistry would have profound 1640 01:13:46,030 --> 01:13:44,390 effects on on such a weathering cycle 1641 01:13:47,590 --> 01:13:46,040 and the recycling site and recycling 1642 01:13:49,180 --> 01:13:47,600 chemistry associated with it it could 1643 01:13:51,040 --> 01:13:49,190 you know turn it will eventually start 1644 01:13:54,550 --> 01:13:51,050 to change the chemistry the mental right 1645 01:14:04,300 --> 01:13:54,560 so is that answer but I know yeah and 1646 01:14:06,460 --> 01:14:04,310 compass a proud yeah check it out okay 1647 01:14:08,590 --> 01:14:06,470 well I would like to thank everyone who 1648 01:14:11,050 --> 01:14:08,600 participated in this once again i think 1649 01:14:14,770 --> 01:14:11,060 this Q&A just illustrates the NAI 1650 01:14:18,220 --> 01:14:14,780 process at work so thank you all again 1651 01:14:20,140 --> 01:14:18,230 we will be hearing on Wednesday same 1652 01:14:22,090 --> 01:14:20,150 time same channel from Dave Desmarais 1653 01:14:25,120 --> 01:14:22,100 who's sitting right here with us at nai 1654 01:14:26,830 --> 01:14:25,130 central and then we'll be continuing on 1655 01:14:29,620 --> 01:14:26,840 so thank you all again this has been 1656 01:14:32,100 --> 01:14:29,630 very very effective and thank you 1657 01:14:34,859 --> 01:14:32,110 particularly George and 1658 01:14:37,379 --> 01:14:34,869 Marilyn Alicia Steve for all your 1659 01:14:39,149 --> 01:14:37,389 preparation and George also for zooming 1660 01:14:42,209 --> 01:14:39,159 in the camera on the speaker's I think 1661 01:14:44,760 --> 01:14:42,219 that was just an exemplary way of really 1662 01:14:46,649 --> 01:14:44,770 making the personal connection it's so 1663 01:14:49,320 --> 01:14:46,659 you need a fabulous job so thanks